DITTO(1) BSD General Commands Manual DITTO(1)
NAME
ditto -- copy directory hierarchies, create and extract archives
SYNOPSIS
ditto [-v] [-V] [-X] [<options>] src ... dst_directory
ditto [-v] [-V] [<options>] src_file dst_file
ditto -c [-z | -j | -k] [-v] [-V] [-X] [<options>] src dst_archive
ditto -x [-z | -j | -k] [-v] [-V] [<options>] src_archive ... dst_directory
ditto -h | --help
DESCRIPTION
In its first form, ditto copies one or more source files or directories to a destination directory. If
the destination directory does not exist it will be created before the first source is copied. If the
destination directory already exists then the source directories are merged with the previous contents
of the destination.
In its second form, ditto copies a file to the supplied dst_file pathname.
The next two forms reflect ditto's ability to create and extract archives. These archives can be
either CPIO format (preferred for unix content) or PKZip (for Windows compatibility). src_archive (and
dst_archive) can be the single character '-', causing ditto to read (write) archive data from stdin (or
to stdout, respectively).
ditto follows symbolic links provided as arguments but does not follow any links as it traverses the
source or destination hierarchies. ditto overwrites existing files, symbolic links, and devices in the
destination when these are copied from a source. The resulting files, links, and devices will have the
same mode, access time, modification time, owner, and group as the source items from which they are
copied. Pipes, sockets, and files with names beginning with .nfs or .afpDeleted will be ignored.
ditto does not modify the mode, owner, group, extended attributes, or ACLs of existing directories in
the destination. Files and symbolic links cannot overwrite directories or vice-versa.
ditto can be used to "thin" Universal Mach-O binaries during a copy. ditto can also copy files selec-tively selectively
tively based on the contents of a BOM ("Bill of Materials") file. ditto preserves hard links present
in the source directories and preserves setuid and setgid modes when run as the superuser.
ditto will preserve resource forks and HFS meta-data information when copying unless instructed other-wise otherwise
wise using --norsrc . Similarly, ditto will preserve extended attributes and Access Control Lists
(ACLs) unless --noextattr or --noacl is passed. DITTONORSRC can be set in the environment as an alias
to --norsrc --noextattr --noacl on the command line.
OPTIONS
-h print full usage
-v print a line of output to stderr for each source directory copied.
-V print a line of output to stderr for every file, symbolic link, and device copied.
-X when copying one or more source directories, do not descend into directories that have a
different device ID.
-c create an archive at the destination path. The default format is CPIO, unless -k is
given. CPIO archives should be stored in files with names ending in .cpio. Compressed
CPIO archives should be stored in files with names ending in .cpgz.
-z create compressed CPIO archives, using gzip(1) compression.
-j create compressed CPIO archives, using bzip2(1) compression.
-x extract the archives given as source arguments. The format is assumed to be CPIO, unless
-k is given. Compressed CPIO is automatically handled.
-k create or extract from a PKZip archive instead of the default CPIO. PKZip archives
should be stored in filenames ending in .zip.
--keepParent when creating an archive, embed the parent directory name src in dst_archive.
--arch arch Thin Universal binaries to the specified architecture. If multiple --arch options are
specified then the resulting destination file will contain each of the specified archi-tectures architectures
tectures (if they are present in the source file). arch should be specified as "ppc",
"ppc64", "i386", etc.
--bom bom copy only files, links, devices, and directories that are present in the specified BOM.
--rsrc preserve resource forks and HFS meta-data. ditto will store this data in Carbon-compati-ble Carbon-compatible
ble ._ AppleDouble files on filesystems that do not natively support resource forks. As
of Mac OS X 10.4, --rsrc is default behavior.
--norsrc do not preserve resource forks and HFS meta-data. If both --norsrc and --rsrc are
passed, whichever is passed last will take precedence. Both options override
DITTONORSRC. Unless explicitly specified, --norsrc also implies --noextattr and --noacl
to match the behavior of Mac OS X 10.4.
--extattr preserve extended attributes (requires --rsrc). As of Mac OS X 10.5, --extattr is the
default.
--noextattr do not preserve extended attributes.
--qtn preserve quarantine information. As of Mac OS X 10.5, --qtn is the default.
--noqtn do not preserve quarantine information.
--acl preserve Access Control Lists (ACLs). As of Mac OS X 10.5, --acl is the default.
--noacl do not preserve ACLs.
--sequesterRsrc
when creating a PKZip archive, preserve resource forks and HFS meta-data in the subdirec-tory subdirectory
tory __MACOSX. PKZip extraction will automatically find these resources.
--nocache do not perform copies using the Mac OS X Unified Buffer Cache. Files read and written
will not be cached, although if the file is already present in the cache, the cached
information will be used.
EXAMPLES
The command:
ditto src_directory dst_directory
copies the contents of src_directory into dst_directory, creating dst_directory if it does not already
exist.
The command:
ditto src_directory dir/dst_directory
copies the contents of src_directory into dir/dst_directory, creating dir and dst_directory if they
don't already exist.
The command:
ditto src-1 ... src-n dst_directory
copies the contents of all of the src directories into dst_directory, creating dst_directory if it does
not already exist.
The command:
ditto --arch ppc universal_file thin_file
copies the contents of universal_file into thin_file, thinning executable code to ppc-only on the fly.
The command:
ditto -c --norsrc Scripts -|ssh rhost ditto -x --norsrc - ./Scripts
copies Scripts, skipping any resources or meta-data, to rhost.
The command:
pax -f archive.cpio
will list the files in the CPIO archive archive.cpio.
The command:
pax -zf archive.cpgz
will list the files in the compressed CPIO archive archive.cpgz.
The command:
ditto -c -k --sequesterRsrc --keepParent src_directory archive.zip
will create a PKZip archive similarly to the Finder's Compress functionality.
The command:
unzip -l archive.zip
will list the files in the PKZip archive archive.zip.
ERRORS
ditto returns 0 if everything is copied, otherwise non-zero. ditto almost never gives up, preferring
to report errors along the way. Diagnostic messages will be printed to standard error.
ENVIRONMENT
DITTOABORT If the environment variable DITTOABORT is set, ditto will call abort(3) if it encounters a
fatal error.
DITTONORSRC
If DITTONORSRC is set but --rsrc, --extattr, and --acl are not specified, ditto will not
preserve those additional types of metadata.
BUGS
ditto doesn't copy directories into directories in the same way as cp(1). In particular,
ditto foo bar
will copy the contents of foo into bar, whereas
cp -r foo bar
copies foo itself into bar. Though this is not a bug, some may consider this bug-like behavior.
--keepParent for non-archive copies will eventually alleviate this problem.
SEE ALSO
bom(5), lsbom(8), mkbom(8), cpio(1), zip(1), gzip(1), bzip2(1), tar(1).
Mac OS X May 8, 2007 Mac OS X
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