Devel::Peek(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Devel::Peek(3pm)
NAME
Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
SYNOPSIS
use Devel::Peek;
Dump( $a );
Dump( $a, 5 );
DumpArray( 5, $a, $b, ... );
mstat "Point 5";
use Devel::Peek ':opd=st';
DESCRIPTION
Devel::Peek contains functions which allows raw Perl datatypes to be manipulated from a Perl script.
This is used by those who do XS programming to check that the data they are sending from C to Perl
looks as they think it should look. The trick, then, is to know what the raw datatype is supposed to
look like when it gets to Perl. This document offers some tips and hints to describe good and bad
raw data.
It is very possible that this document will fall far short of being useful to the casual reader. The
reader is expected to understand the material in the first few sections of perlguts.
Devel::Peek supplies a "Dump()" function which can dump a raw Perl datatype, and "mstat("marker")"
function to report on memory usage (if perl is compiled with corresponding option). The function
DeadCode() provides statistics on the data "frozen" into inactive "CV". Devel::Peek also supplies
"SvREFCNT()", "SvREFCNT_inc()", and "SvREFCNT_dec()" which can query, increment, and decrement refer-ence reference
ence counts on SVs. This document will take a passive, and safe, approach to data debugging and for
that it will describe only the "Dump()" function.
Function "DumpArray()" allows dumping of multiple values (useful when you need to analyze returns of
functions).
The global variable $Devel::Peek::pv_limit can be set to limit the number of character printed in
various string values. Setting it to 0 means no limit.
If "use Devel::Peek" directive has a ":opd=FLAGS" argument, this switches on debugging of opcode dis-patch. dispatch.
patch. "FLAGS" should be a combination of "s", "t", and "P" (see -D flags in perlrun). ":opd" is a
shortcut for ":opd=st".
Runtime debugging
"CvGV($cv)" return one of the globs associated to a subroutine reference $cv.
debug_flags() returns a string representation of $^D (similar to what is allowed for -D flag). When
called with a numeric argument, sets $^D to the corresponding value. When called with an argument of
the form "flags-flags", set on/off bits of $^D corresponding to letters before/after "-". (The
returned value is for $^D before the modification.)
runops_debug() returns true if the current opcode dispatcher is the debugging one. When called with
an argument, switches to debugging or non-debugging dispatcher depending on the argument (active for
newly-entered subs/etc only). (The returned value is for the dispatcher before the modification.)
Memory footprint debugging
When perl is compiled with support for memory footprint debugging (default with Perl's malloc()),
Devel::Peek provides an access to this API.
Use mstat() function to emit a memory state statistic to the terminal. For more information on the
format of output of mstat() see "Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}" in perldebguts.
Three additional functions allow access to this statistic from Perl. First, use "mstats_fill-hash(%hash)" "mstats_fillhash(%hash)"
hash(%hash)" to get the information contained in the output of mstat() into %hash. The field of this
hash are
minbucket nbuckets sbrk_good sbrk_slack sbrked_remains sbrks start_slack
topbucket topbucket_ev topbucket_odd total total_chain total_sbrk totfree
Two additional fields "free", "used" contain array references which provide per-bucket count of free
and used chunks. Two other fields "mem_size", "available_size" contain array references which pro-vide provide
vide the information about the allocated size and usable size of chunks in each bucket. Again, see
"Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}" in perldebguts for details.
Keep in mind that only the first several "odd-numbered" buckets are used, so the information on size
of the "odd-numbered" buckets which are not used is probably meaningless.
The information in
mem_size available_size minbucket nbuckets
is the property of a particular build of perl, and does not depend on the current process. If you do
not provide the optional argument to the functions mstats_fillhash(), fill_mstats(), mstats2hash(),
then the information in fields "mem_size", "available_size" is not updated.
"fill_mstats($buf)" is a much cheaper call (both speedwise and memory-wise) which collects the
statistic into $buf in machine-readable form. At a later moment you may need to call
"mstats2hash($buf, %hash)" to use this information to fill %hash.
All three APIs "fill_mstats($buf)", "mstats_fillhash(%hash)", and "mstats2hash($buf, %hash)" are
designed to allocate no memory if used the second time on the same $buf and/or %hash.
So, if you want to collect memory info in a cycle, you may call
$#buf = 999;
fill_mstats($_) for @buf;
mstats_fillhash(%report, 1); # Static info too
foreach (@buf) {
# Do something...
fill_mstats $_; # Collect statistic
}
foreach (@buf) {
mstats2hash($_, %report); # Preserve static info
# Do something with %report
}
EXAMPLES
The following examples don't attempt to show everything as that would be a monumental task, and,
frankly, we don't want this manpage to be an internals document for Perl. The examples do demon-strate demonstrate
strate some basics of the raw Perl datatypes, and should suffice to get most determined people on
their way. There are no guidewires or safety nets, nor blazed trails, so be prepared to travel alone
from this point and on and, if at all possible, don't fall into the quicksand (it's bad for busi-ness). business).
ness).
Oh, one final bit of advice: take perlguts with you. When you return we expect to see it
well-thumbed.
A simple scalar string
Let's begin by looking a simple scalar which is holding a string.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = "hello";
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = PVIV(0xbc288)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (POK,pPOK)
IV = 0
PV = 0xb2048 "hello"\0
CUR = 5
LEN = 6
This says $a is an SV, a scalar. The scalar is a PVIV, a string. Its reference count is 1. It has
the "POK" flag set, meaning its current PV field is valid. Because POK is set we look at the PV item
to see what is in the scalar. The \0 at the end indicate that this PV is properly NUL-terminated.
If the FLAGS had been IOK we would look at the IV item. CUR indicates the number of characters in
the PV. LEN indicates the number of bytes requested for the PV (one more than CUR, in this case,
because LEN includes an extra byte for the end-of-string marker).
A simple scalar number
If the scalar contains a number the raw SV will be leaner.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = 42;
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = IV(0xbc818)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
This says $a is an SV, a scalar. The scalar is an IV, a number. Its reference count is 1. It has
the "IOK" flag set, meaning it is currently being evaluated as a number. Because IOK is set we look
at the IV item to see what is in the scalar.
A simple scalar with an extra reference
If the scalar from the previous example had an extra reference:
use Devel::Peek;
$a = 42;
$b = \$a;
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = IV(0xbe860)
REFCNT = 2
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
Notice that this example differs from the previous example only in its reference count. Compare this
to the next example, where we dump $b instead of $a.
A reference to a simple scalar
This shows what a reference looks like when it references a simple scalar.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = 42;
$b = \$a;
Dump $b;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0xbab08
SV = IV(0xbe860)
REFCNT = 2
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
Starting from the top, this says $b is an SV. The scalar is an RV, a reference. It has the "ROK"
flag set, meaning it is a reference. Because ROK is set we have an RV item rather than an IV or PV.
Notice that Dump follows the reference and shows us what $b was referencing. We see the same $a that
we found in the previous example.
Note that the value of "RV" coincides with the numbers we see when we stringify $b. The addresses
inside RV() and IV() are addresses of "X***" structure which holds the current state of an "SV". This
address may change during lifetime of an SV.
A reference to an array
This shows what a reference to an array looks like.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = [42];
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0xb2850
SV = PVAV(0xbd448)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = ()
IV = 0
NV = 0
ARRAY = 0xb2048
ALLOC = 0xb2048
FILL = 0
MAX = 0
ARYLEN = 0x0
FLAGS = (REAL)
Elt No. 0 0xb5658
SV = IV(0xbe860)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
This says $a is an SV and that it is an RV. That RV points to another SV which is a PVAV, an array.
The array has one element, element zero, which is another SV. The field "FILL" above indicates the
last element in the array, similar to "$#$a".
If $a pointed to an array of two elements then we would see the following.
use Devel::Peek 'Dump';
$a = [42,24];
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0xb2850
SV = PVAV(0xbd448)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = ()
IV = 0
NV = 0
ARRAY = 0xb2048
ALLOC = 0xb2048
FILL = 0
MAX = 0
ARYLEN = 0x0
FLAGS = (REAL)
Elt No. 0 0xb5658
SV = IV(0xbe860)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
Elt No. 1 0xb5680
SV = IV(0xbe818)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 24
Note that "Dump" will not report all the elements in the array, only several first (depending on how
deep it already went into the report tree).
A reference to a hash
The following shows the raw form of a reference to a hash.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = {hello=>42};
Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0x8177858) at 0x816a618
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0x814fc10
SV = PVHV(0x8167768) at 0x814fc10
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (SHAREKEYS)
IV = 1
NV = 0
ARRAY = 0x816c5b8 (0:7, 1:1)
hash quality = 100.0%
KEYS = 1
FILL = 1
MAX = 7
RITER = -1
EITER = 0x0
Elt "hello" HASH = 0xc8fd181b
SV = IV(0x816c030) at 0x814fcf4
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 42
This shows $a is a reference pointing to an SV. That SV is a PVHV, a hash. Fields RITER and EITER
are used by "each".
The "quality" of a hash is defined as the total number of comparisons needed to access every element
once, relative to the expected number needed for a random hash. The value can go over 100%.
The total number of comparisons is equal to the sum of the squares of the number of entries in each
bucket. For a random hash of "<n"> keys into "<k"> buckets, the expected value is:
n + n(n-1)/2k
Dumping a large array or hash
The "Dump()" function, by default, dumps up to 4 elements from a toplevel array or hash. This number
can be increased by supplying a second argument to the function.
use Devel::Peek;
$a = [10,11,12,13,14];
Dump $a;
Notice that "Dump()" prints only elements 10 through 13 in the above code. The following code will
print all of the elements.
use Devel::Peek 'Dump';
$a = [10,11,12,13,14];
Dump $a, 5;
A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
This is what you really need to know as an XS programmer, of course. When an XSUB returns a pointer
to a C structure that pointer is stored in an SV and a reference to that SV is placed on the XSUB
stack. So the output from an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTROBJ map might look something
like this:
SV = RV(0xf381c)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0xb8ad8
SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (OBJECT,IOK,pIOK)
IV = 729160
NV = 0
PV = 0
STASH = 0xc1d10 "CookBookB::Opaque"
This shows that we have an SV which is an RV. That RV points at another SV. In this case that sec-ond second
ond SV is a PVMG, a blessed scalar. Because it is blessed it has the "OBJECT" flag set. Note that
an SV which holds a C pointer also has the "IOK" flag set. The "STASH" is set to the package name
which this SV was blessed into.
The output from an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTRREF map, which doesn't bless the object,
might look something like this:
SV = RV(0xf381c)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (ROK)
RV = 0xb8ad8
SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK)
IV = 729160
NV = 0
PV = 0
A reference to a subroutine
Looks like this:
SV = RV(0x798ec)
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (TEMP,ROK)
RV = 0x1d453c
SV = PVCV(0x1c768c)
REFCNT = 2
FLAGS = ()
IV = 0
NV = 0
COMP_STASH = 0x31068 "main"
START = 0xb20e0
ROOT = 0xbece0
XSUB = 0x0
XSUBANY = 0
GVGV::GV = 0x1d44e8 "MY" :: "top_targets"
FILE = "(eval 5)"
DEPTH = 0
PADLIST = 0x1c9338
This shows that
the subroutine is not an XSUB (since "START" and "ROOT" are non-zero, and "XSUB" is zero);
that it was compiled in the package "main";
under the name "MY::top_targets";
inside a 5th eval in the program;
it is not currently executed (see "DEPTH");
it has no prototype ("PROTOTYPE" field is missing).
EXPORTS
"Dump", "mstat", "DeadCode", "DumpArray", "DumpWithOP" and "DumpProg", "fill_mstats", "mstats_fill-hash", "mstats_fillhash",
hash", "mstats2hash" by default. Additionally available "SvREFCNT", "SvREFCNT_inc" and "SvRE-FCNT_dec". "SvREFCNT_dec".
FCNT_dec".
BUGS
Readers have been known to skip important parts of perlguts, causing much frustration for all.
AUTHOR
Ilya Zakharevich ilya@math.ohio-state.edu
Copyright (c) 1995-98 Ilya Zakharevich. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can
redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Author of this software makes no claim whatsoever about suitability, reliability, edability,
editability or usability of this product, and should not be kept liable for any damage resulting from
the use of it. If you can use it, you are in luck, if not, I should not be kept responsible. Keep a
handy copy of your backup tape at hand.
SEE ALSO
perlguts, and perlguts, again.
perl v5.8.8 2001-09-21 Devel::Peek(3pm)
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