RESTORE(8) BSD System Manager's Manual RESTORE(8)
NAME
restore, rrestore -- restore files or file systems from backups made with dump
ALERT
UFS SUPPORT IS IN THE PROCESS OF BEING DEPRECATED. This copy of restore is supplied only for complete-ness completeness
ness and is expected to have deficiencies. It will likely disappear in the future. Earlier versions
were shipped with the SUID and SGID bits set; this is no longer the case, and restore must be run as
root.
SYNOPSIS
restore -i [-chmvy] [-b blocksize] [-f file] [-s fileno]
restore -R [-cvy] [-b blocksize] [-f file] [-s fileno]
restore -r [-cvy] [-b blocksize] [-f file] [-s fileno]
restore -t [-chvy] [-b blocksize] [-f file] [-s fileno] [file ...]
restore -x [-chmvy] [-b blocksize] [-f file] [-s fileno] [file ...]
rrestore is an alternate name for restore.
(The 4.3BSD option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility, but is not documented here.)
DESCRIPTION
The restore command performs the inverse function of dump(8). A full backup of a file system may be
restored and subsequent incremental backups layered on top of it. Single files and directory subtrees
may be restored from full or partial backups. Restore works across a network; to do this see the -f
flag described below. Other arguments to the command are file or directory names specifying the files
that are to be restored. Unless the -h flag is specified (see below), the appearance of a directory
name refers to the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory.
Exactly one of the following flags is required:
-i This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump. After reading in the directory
information from the dump, restore provides a shell like interface that allows the user to move
around the directory tree selecting files to be extracted. The available commands are given
below; for those commands that require an argument, the default is the current directory.
add [arg] The current directory or specified argument is added to the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are added
to the extraction list (unless the -h flag is specified on the command line).
Files that are on the extraction list are prepended with a ``*'' when they are
listed by ls.
cd arg Change the current working directory to the specified argument.
delete [arg]
The current directory or specified argument is deleted from the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are
deleted from the extraction list (unless the -h flag is specified on the command
line). The most expedient way to extract most of the files from a directory is to
add the directory to the extraction list and then delete those files that are not
needed.
extract All the files that are on the extraction list are extracted from the dump. Restore
will ask which volume the user wishes to mount. The fastest way to extract a few
files is to start with the last volume, and work towards the first volume.
help List a summary of the available commands.
ls [arg] List the current or specified directory. Entries that are directories are appended
with a ``/''. Entries that have been marked for extraction are prepended with a
``*''. If the verbose flag is set the inode number of each entry is also listed.
pwd Print the full pathname of the current working directory.
quit Restore immediately exits, even if the extraction list is not empty.
setmodes All the directories that have been added to the extraction list have their owner,
modes, and times set; nothing is extracted from the dump. This is useful for
cleaning up after a restore has been prematurely aborted.
verbose The sense of the -v flag is toggled. When set, the verbose flag causes the ls com-mand command
mand to list the inode numbers of all entries. It also causes restore to print out
information about each file as it is extracted.
-R Restore requests a particular tape of a multi volume set on which to restart a full restore
(see the -r flag below). This is useful if the restore has been interrupted.
-r Restore (rebuild a file system). The target file system should be made pristine with newfs(8),
mounted and the user cd'd into the pristine file system before starting the restoration of the
initial level 0 backup. If the level 0 restores successfully, the -r flag may be used to
restore any necessary incremental backups on top of the level 0. The -r flag precludes an
interactive file extraction and can be detrimental to one's health if not used carefully (not
to mention the disk). An example:
newfs /dev/rrp0g eagle
mount /dev/rp0g /mnt
cd /mnt
restore rf /dev/rst8
Note that restore leaves a file restoresymtable in the root directory to pass information
between incremental restore passes. This file should be removed when the last incremental has
been restored.
Restore, in conjunction with newfs(8) and dump(8), may be used to modify file system parameters
such as size or block size.
-t The names of the specified files are listed if they occur on the backup. If no file argument
is given, then the root directory is listed, which results in the entire content of the backup
being listed, unless the -h flag has been specified. Note that the -t flag replaces the func-tion function
tion of the old dumpdir(8) program.
-x The named files are read from the given media. If a named file matches a directory whose con-tents contents
tents are on the backup and the -h flag is not specified, the directory is recursively
extracted. The owner, modification time, and mode are restored (if possible). If no file
argument is given, then the root directory is extracted, which results in the entire content of
the backup being extracted, unless the -h flag has been specified.
The following additional options may be specified:
-b blocksize
The number of kilobytes per dump record. If the -b option is not specified, restore tries to
determine the block size dynamically.
-c Normally, restore will try to determine dynamically whether the dump was made from an old
(pre-4.4) or new format file system. The -c flag disables this check, and only allows reading
a dump in the old format.
-f file
Read the backup from file; file may be a special device file like /dev/rmt12 (a tape drive),
/dev/rsd1c (a disk drive), an ordinary file, or `-' (the standard input). If the name of the
file is of the form ``host:file'', or ``user@host:file'', restore reads from the named file on
the remote host using rmt(8).
-h Extract the actual directory, rather than the files that it references. This prevents hierar-chical hierarchical
chical restoration of complete subtrees from the dump.
-m Extract by inode numbers rather than by file name. This is useful if only a few files are
being extracted, and one wants to avoid regenerating the complete pathname to the file.
-s fileno
Read from the specified fileno on a multi-file tape. File numbering starts at 1.
-v Normally restore does its work silently. The -v (verbose) flag causes it to type the name of
each file it treats preceded by its file type.
-y Do not ask the user whether to abort the restore in the event of an error. Always try to skip
over the bad block(s) and continue.
DIAGNOSTICS
Complaints if it gets a read error. If -y has been specified, or the user responds `y', restore will
attempt to continue the restore.
If a backup was made using more than one tape volume, restore will notify the user when it is time to
mount the next volume. If the -x or -i flag has been specified, restore will also ask which volume the
user wishes to mount. The fastest way to extract a few files is to start with the last volume, and
work towards the first volume.
There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by restore. Most checks are self-explanatory
or can ``never happen''. Common errors are given below.
Converting to new file system format.
A dump tape created from the old file system has been loaded. It is automatically converted to
the new file system format.
<filename>: not found on tape
The specified file name was listed in the tape directory, but was not found on the tape. This
is caused by tape read errors while looking for the file, and from using a dump tape created on
an active file system.
expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber>
A file that was not listed in the directory showed up. This can occur when using a dump cre-ated created
ated on an active file system.
Incremental dump too low
When doing incremental restore, a dump that was written before the previous incremental dump,
or that has too low an incremental level has been loaded.
Incremental dump too high
When doing incremental restore, a dump that does not begin its coverage where the previous
incremental dump left off, or that has too high an incremental level has been loaded.
Tape read error while restoring <filename>
Tape read error while skipping over inode <inumber>
Tape read error while trying to resynchronize
A tape (or other media) read error has occurred. If a file name is specified, then its con-tents contents
tents are probably partially wrong. If an inode is being skipped or the tape is trying to
resynchronize, then no extracted files have been corrupted, though files may not be found on
the tape.
resync restore, skipped <num> blocks
After a dump read error, restore may have to resynchronize itself. This message lists the num-ber number
ber of blocks that were skipped over.
FILES
/dev/rmt? the default tape drive
/tmp/rstdir* file containing directories on the tape.
/tmp/rstmode* owner, mode, and time stamps for directories.
./restoresymtable information passed between incremental restores.
SEE ALSO
dump(8), newfs(8), mount(8), mkfs(8), rmt(8)
BUGS
Restore can get confused when doing incremental restores from dumps that were made on active file sys-tems. systems.
tems.
A level zero dump must be done after a full restore. Because restore runs in user code, it has no con-trol control
trol over inode allocation; thus a full dump must be done to get a new set of directories reflecting
the new inode numbering, even though the contents of the files is unchanged.
HISTORY
The restore command appeared in 4.2BSD.
4th Berkeley Distribution May 1, 1995 4th Berkeley Distribution
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