SA(8) BSD System Manager's Manual SA(8)
NAME
sa -- print system accounting statistics
SYNOPSIS
sa [-abcdDfijkKlmnqrstu] [-v cutoff] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
The sa utility reports on, cleans up, and generally maintains system accounting files.
The sa utility is able to condense the information in /var/account/acct into the summary files
/var/account/savacct and /var/account/usracct, which contain system statistics according to command
name and login id, respectively. This condensation is desirable because on a large system,
/var/account/acct can grow by hundreds of blocks per day. The summary files are normally read before
the accounting file, so that reports include all available information.
If file names are supplied, they are read instead of /var/account/acct. After each file is read, if
the summary files are being updated, an updated summary will be saved to disk. Only one report is
printed, after the last file is processed.
The labels used in the output indicate the following, except where otherwise specified by individual
options:
avio Average number of I/O operations per execution
cp Sum of user and system time, in minutes
cpu Same as cp
k CPU-time averaged core usage, in 1k units
k*sec CPU storage integral, in 1k-core seconds
re Real time, in minutes
s System time, in minutes
tio Total number of I/O operations
u User time, in minutes
The options to sa are:
-a List all command names, including those containing unprintable characters and those used only
once. By default, sa places all names containing unprintable characters and those used only
once under the name ``***other''.
-b If printing command statistics, sort output by the sum of user and system time divided by num-ber number
ber of calls.
-c In addition to the number of calls and the user, system and real times for each command, print
their percentage of the total over all commands.
-D If printing command statistics, sort and print by the total number of disk I/O operations.
-d If printing command statistics, sort by the average number of disk I/O operations. If printing
user statistics, print the average number of disk I/O operations per user.
-f Force no interactive threshold comparison with the -v option.
-i Do not read in the summary files.
-j Instead of the total minutes per category, give seconds per call.
-K If printing command statistics, print and sort by the cpu-storage integral.
-k If printing command statistics, sort by the cpu-time average memory usage. If printing user
statistics, print the cpu-time average memory usage.
-l Separate system and user time; normally they are combined.
-m Print per-user statistics rather than per-command statistics.
-n Sort by number of calls.
-q Create no output other than error messages.
-r Reverse order of sort.
-s Truncate the accounting files when done and merge their data into the summary files.
-t For each command, report the ratio of real time to the sum of user and system cpu times. If
the cpu time is too small to report, ``*ignore*'' appears in this field.
-u Superseding all other flags, for each entry in the accounting file, print the user ID, total
seconds of cpu usage, total memory usage, number of I/O operations performed, and command name.
-v cutoff
For each command used cutoff times or fewer, print the command name and await a reply from the
terminal. If the reply begins with ``y'', add the command to the category ``**junk**''. This
flag is used to strip garbage from the report.
By default, per-command statistics will be printed. The number of calls, the total elapsed time in
minutes, total cpu and user time in minutes, average number of I/O operations, and CPU-time averaged
core usage will be printed. If the -m option is specified, per-user statistics will be printed,
including the user name, the number of commands invoked, total cpu time used (in minutes), total number
of I/O operations, and CPU storage integral for each user. If the -u option is specified, the uid,
user and system time (in seconds), CPU storage integral, I/O usage, and command name will be printed
for each entry in the accounting data file.
If the -u flag is specified, all flags other than -q are ignored. If the -m flag is specified, only
the -b, -d, -i, -k, -q, and -s flags are honored.
DIAGNOSTICS
The sa utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
FILES
/var/account/acct raw accounting data file
/var/account/savacct per-command accounting summary database
/var/account/usracct per-user accounting summary database
SEE ALSO
lastcomm(1), acct(5), ac(8), accton(8)
BUGS
The number of options to this program is absurd, especially considering that there's not much logic
behind their lettering.
The field labels should be more consistent.
The VM system does not record the CPU storage integral.
CAVEATS
While the behavior of the options in this version of sa was modeled after the original version, there
are some intentional differences and undoubtedly some unintentional ones as well. In particular, the
-q option has been added, and the -m option now understands more options than it used to.
The formats of the summary files created by this version of sa are very different from the those used
by the original version. This is not considered a problem, however, because the accounting record for-mat format
mat has changed as well (since user ids are now 32 bits).
AUTHORS
Chris G. Demetriou <cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu>
BSD February 25, 1994 BSD
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