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This section describes the command-line options that are only meaningful
for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU compiler options
regardless of what language your program is in. For example, you
might compile a file firstClass.C like this:
g++ -g -frepo -O -c firstClass.C
In this example, only -frepo is an option meant only for C++ programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by GCC.
Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs:
-fabi-version=nThe default is version 2.
-fno-access-control-fcheck-newoperator new is non-null
before attempting to modify the storage allocated. This check is
normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that
operator new will only return 0 if it is declared
`throw()', in which case the compiler will always check the
return value even without this option. In all other cases, when
operator new has a non-empty exception specification, memory
exhaustion is signalled by throwing std::bad_alloc. See also
`new (nothrow)'.
-fconserve-spacemain() has
completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice because
two definitions were merged.
This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support has
been added for putting variables into BSS without making them common.
-fno-const-stringschar * instead of type const
char *. By default, G++ uses type const char * as required by
the standard. Even if you use -fno-const-strings, you cannot
actually modify the value of a string constant, unless you also use
-fwritable-strings.
This option might be removed in a future release of G++. For maximum
portability, you should structure your code so that it works with
string constants that have type const char *.
-fno-elide-constructors-fno-enforce-eh-specs-ffor-scope-fno-for-scopeThe default if neither flag is given to follow the standard,
but to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would
otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior.
-fno-gnu-keywordstypeof as a keyword, so that code can use this
word as an identifier. You can use the keyword __typeof__ instead.
-ansi implies -fno-gnu-keywords.
-fno-implicit-templates-fno-implicit-inline-templates-fno-implement-inlines-fms-extensions-fno-nonansi-builtinsffs, alloca, _exit,
index, bzero, conjf, and other related functions.
-fno-operator-namesand, bitand,
bitor, compl, not, or and xor as
synonyms as keywords.
-fno-optional-diags-fpermissive-frepo-fno-rtti-fstats-ftemplate-depth-n-fno-threadsafe-statics-fuse-cxa-atexit__cxa_atexit function rather than the atexit function.
This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of static
destructors, but will only work if your C library supports
__cxa_atexit.
-fno-use-cxa-get-exception-ptr__cxa_get_exception_ptr runtime routine. This
will cause std::uncaught_exception to be incorrect, but is necessary
if the runtime routine is not available.
-fvisibility-inlines-hiddenThe effect of this is that GCC may, effectively, mark inline methods with
__attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden"))) so that they do not
appear in the export table of a DSO and do not require a PLT indirection
when used within the DSO. Enabling this option can have a dramatic effect
on load and link times of a DSO as it massively reduces the size of the
dynamic export table when the library makes heavy use of templates.
The behaviour of this switch is not quite the same as marking the methods as hidden directly. Normally if there is a class with default visibility which has a hidden method, the effect of this is that the method must be defined in only one shared object. This switch does not have this restriction.
You may mark a method as having a visibility explicitly to negate the
effect of the switch for that method. For example, if you do want to
compare pointers to a particular inline method, you might mark it as
having default visibility.
-fvisibility-ms-compatThe flag makes these changes to GCC's linkage model:
1. It sets the default visibility to 'hidden', like -fvisibility=hidden. 2. Types, but not their members, are not hidden by default. 3. The One Definition Rule is relaxed for types without explicit visibility specifications which are defined in more than one different shared object: those declarations are permitted if they would have been permitted when this option was not used.
This option is discouraged, rather, it is preferable for types to be explicitly exported as desired on a per-class basis. Unfortunately because Visual Studio can't compare two different hidden types as unequal for the purposes of type_info and exception handling, users are able to write code that relies upon this behavior.
Among the consequences of these changes are that static data members
of the same type with the same name but defined in different shared
objects will be different, so changing one will not change the other;
and that pointers to function members defined in different shared
objects will not compare equal. When this flag is given, it is a
violation of the ODR to define types with the same name differently.
-fno-weak-nostdinc++In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options have meanings only for C++ programs:
-fno-default-inline-Wabi (C++ only)You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be binary compatible with code generated by other compilers.
The known incompatibilities at this point include:
struct A { virtual void f(); int f1 : 1; };
struct B : public A { int f2 : 1; };
In this case, G++ will place B::f2 into the same byte
asA::f1; other compilers will not. You can avoid this problem
by explicitly padding A so that its size is a multiple of the
byte size on your platform; that will cause G++ and other compilers to
layout B identically.
struct A { virtual void f(); char c1; };
struct B { B(); char c2; };
struct C : public A, public virtual B {};
In this case, G++ will not place B into the tail-padding for
A; other compilers will. You can avoid this problem by
explicitly padding A so that its size is a multiple of its
alignment (ignoring virtual base classes); that will cause G++ and other
compilers to layout C identically.
union U { int i : 4096; };
Assuming that an int does not have 4096 bits, G++ will make the
union too small by the number of bits in an int.
struct A {};
struct B {
A a;
virtual void f ();
};
struct C : public B, public A {};
G++ will place the A base class of C at a nonzero offset;
it should be placed at offset zero. G++ mistakenly believes that the
A data member of B is already at offset zero.
typename or
template template parameters can be mangled incorrectly.
template <typename Q>
void f(typename Q::X) {}
template <template <typename> class Q>
void f(typename Q<int>::X) {}
Instantiations of these templates may be mangled incorrectly.
-Wctor-dtor-privacy (C++ only)-Wnon-virtual-dtor (C++ only)-Wreorder (C++ only) struct A {
int i;
int j;
A(): j (0), i (1) { }
};
The compiler will rearrange the member initializers for `i' and `j' to match the declaration order of the members, emitting a warning to that effect. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
The following -W... options are not affected by -Wall.
-Weffc++ (C++ only)operator= return a reference to *this.
Also warn about violations of the following style guidelines from Scott Meyers' More Effective C++ book:
&&, ||, or ,.
When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library
headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use `grep -v'
to filter out those warnings.
-Wno-deprecated (C++ only)-Wstrict-null-sentinel (C++ only)NULL as sentinel. When
compiling only with GCC this is a valid sentinel, as NULL is defined
to __null. Although it is a null pointer constant not a null pointer,
it is guaranteed to of the same size as a pointer. But this use is
not portable across different compilers.
-Wno-non-template-friend (C++ only)-Wold-style-cast (C++ only)-Woverloaded-virtual (C++ only) struct A {
virtual void f();
};
struct B: public A {
void f(int);
};
the A class version of f is hidden in B, and code
like:
B* b;
b->f();
will fail to compile.
-Wno-pmf-conversions (C++ only)-Wsign-promo (C++ only) struct A {
operator int ();
A& operator = (int);
};
main ()
{
A a,b;
a = b;
}
In this example, G++ will synthesize a default `A& operator = (const A&);', while cfront will use the user-defined `operator ='.