3.4 Options Controlling C Dialect

The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived from C, such as C++ and Objective-C) that the compiler accepts:

-ansi

In C mode, support all ISO C90 programs. In C++ mode, remove GNU extensions that conflict with ISO C++.

This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling C++ code), such as the asm and typeof keywords, and predefined macros such as unix and vax that identify the type of system you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of C++ style // comments as well as the inline keyword.

The alternate keywords __asm__, __extension__, __inline__ and __typeof__ continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put them in header files that might be included in compilations done with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as __unix__ and __vax__ are also available, with or without -ansi.

The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected gratuitously. For that, -pedantic is required in addition to -ansi. See Warning Options.

The macro __STRICT_ANSI__ is predefined when the -ansi option is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any programs that might use these names for other things.

Functions which would normally be built in but do not have semantics defined by ISO C (such as alloca and ffs) are not built-in functions with -ansi is used. See Other built-in functions provided by GCC, for details of the functions affected.

-std=

Determine the language standard. This option is currently only supported when compiling C or C++. A value for this option must be provided; possible values are

c89

iso9899:1990

ISO C90 (same as -ansi).

iso9899:199409

ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.

c99

c9x

iso9899:1999

iso9899:199x

ISO C99. Note that this standard is not yet fully supported; see http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-3.3/c99status.html for more information. The names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.

gnu89

Default, ISO C90 plus GNU extensions (including some C99 features).

gnu99

gnu9x

ISO C99 plus GNU extensions. When ISO C99 is fully implemented in GCC, this will become the default. The name gnu9x is deprecated.

c++98

The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments.

gnu++98

The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions. This is the default for C++ code.

Even when this option is not specified, you can still use some of the features of newer standards in so far as they do not conflict with previous C standards. For example, you may use __restrict__ even when -std=c99 is not specified.

The -std options specifying some version of ISO C have the same effects as -ansi, except that features that were not in ISO C90 but are in the specified version (for example, // comments and the inline keyword in ISO C99) are not disabled.

See Language Standards Supported by GCC, for details of these standard versions.

-aux-info filename

Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all functions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including those in header files. This option is silently ignored in any language other than C.

Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (I, N for new or O for old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition (C or F, respectively, in the following character). In the case of function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the declaration.

-faltivec

Enable the AltiVec language extensions, as defined in Motorola's AltiVec PIM. This includes the recognition of vector and pixel as (context-dependent) keywords, the definition of built-in functions such as vec_add, and other extensions. Note that unlike the option -maltivec, the extensions do not require the inclusion of any special header files. (APPLE ONLY)

-fasm-blocks

Enable the use of blocks and entire functions of assembly code within a C or C++ file. The syntax follows that used in CodeWarrior. (APPLE ONLY)

-fno-asm

Do not recognize asm, inline or typeof as a keyword, so that code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords __asm__, __inline__ and __typeof__ instead. -ansi implies -fno-asm.

In C++, this switch only affects the typeof keyword, since asm and inline are standard keywords. You may want to use the -fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, which has the same effect. In C99 mode (-std=c99 or -std=gnu99), this switch only affects the asm and typeof keywords, since inline is a standard keyword in ISO C99.

-fno-builtin

-fno-builtin-function

Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with __builtin_ as prefix. See Other built-in functions provided by GCC, for details of the functions affected, including those which are not built-in functions when -ansi or -std options for strict ISO C conformance are used because they do not have an ISO standard meaning.

GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to alloca may become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and calls to memcpy may become inline copy loops. The resulting code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a different library.

With the -fno-builtin-function option only the built-in function function is disabled. function must not begin with __builtin_. If a function is named this is not built-in in this version of GCC, this option is ignored. There is no corresponding -fbuiltin-function option; if you wish to enable built-in functions selectively when using -fno-builtin or -ffreestanding, you may define macros such as:

          #define abs(n)          __builtin_abs ((n))
          #define strcpy(d, s)    __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))
     

-fhosted

Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment. This implies -fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire standard library is available, and in which main has a return type of int. Examples are nearly everything except a kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.

-ffreestanding

Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment. This implies -fno-builtin. A freestanding environment is one in which the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not necessarily be at main. The most obvious example is an OS kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.

See Language Standards Supported by GCC, for details of freestanding and hosted environments.

-fms-extensions

Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.

-trigraphs

Support ISO C trigraphs. The -ansi option (and -std options for strict ISO C conformance) implies -trigraphs.

-no-integrated-cpp

Performs a compilation in two passes: preprocessing and compiling. This option allows a user supplied "cc1", "cc1plus", or "cc1obj" via the -B option. The user supplied compilation step can then add in an additional preprocessing step after normal preprocessing but before compiling. The default is to use the integrated cpp (internal cpp)

The semantics of this option will change if "cc1", "cc1plus", and "cc1obj" are merged.

-traditional

-traditional-cpp

Formerly, these options caused GCC to attempt to emulate a pre-standard C compiler. They are now only supported with the -E switch. The preprocessor continues to support a pre-standard mode. See the GNU CPP manual for details.

-fcond-mismatch

Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void. This option is not supported for C++.

-fpch-preprocess

Enable PCH processing even when -E or -save-temps is used.

-funsigned-char

Let the type char be unsigned, like unsigned char.

Each kind of machine has a default for what char should be. It is either like unsigned char by default or like signed char by default.

Ideally, a portable program should always use signed char or unsigned char when it depends on the signedness of an object. But many programs have been written to use plain char and expect it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let you make such a program work with the opposite default.

The type char is always a distinct type from each of signed char or unsigned char, even though its behavior is always just like one of those two.

-fsigned-char

Let the type char be signed, like signed char.

Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.

-fsigned-bitfields

-funsigned-bitfields

-fno-signed-bitfields

-fno-unsigned-bitfields

These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned, when the declaration does not use either signed or unsigned. By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent: the basic integer types such as int are signed types.

-fwritable-strings

Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't uniquize them. This is for compatibility with old programs which assume they can write into string constants.

Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; “constants” should be constant.

-fconstant-cfstrings

Enable the automatic creation of a CoreFoundation-type constant string whenever a special builtin __builtin__CFStringMakeConstantString is called on a literal string, and for @"..." literals in Objective-C (thus overriding the -fconstant-string-class setting). This option will also be enabled if the environment variable MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET exists and is set to "10.2" or greater. (APPLE ONLY)

-fpascal-strings

Allow Pascal-style string literals to be constructed. (APPLE ONLY)

See Constructing String Literals with a Pascal-style Length Byte, for more information on the syntax and semantics of Pascal string literals.

-fcoalesce

Coalesce duplicated functions and data. The linker will discard all but one, saving space. Enabled by default. (APPLE ONLY)

-fweak-coalesced

Use the new OS X "weak_definitions" section attribute for coalesced items. A single "normal" definition will be chosen by the linker over any number of weakly-coalesced ones. (APPLE ONLY)