5.38.4 Constraints for Particular Machines
Whenever possible, you should use the general-purpose constraint letters
in asm arguments, since they will convey meaning more readily to
people reading your code. Failing that, use the constraint letters
that usually have very similar meanings across architectures. The most
commonly used constraints are m and r (for memory and
general-purpose registers respectively; see Simple Constraints), and
I, usually the letter indicating the most common
immediate-constant format.
For each machine architecture, the
config/machine/machine.h file defines additional
constraints. These constraints are used by the compiler itself for
instruction generation, as well as for asm statements; therefore,
some of the constraints are not particularly interesting for asm.
The constraints are defined through these macros:
REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER- Register class constraints (usually lower case).
CONST_OK_FOR_LETTER_P- Immediate constant constraints, for non-floating point constants of
word size or smaller precision (usually upper case).
CONST_DOUBLE_OK_FOR_LETTER_P- Immediate constant constraints, for all floating point constants and for
constants of greater than word size precision (usually upper case).
EXTRA_CONSTRAINT- Special cases of registers or memory. This macro is not required, and
is only defined for some machines.
Inspecting these macro definitions in the compiler source for your
machine is the best way to be certain you have the right constraints.
However, here is a summary of the machine-dependent constraints
available on some particular machines.
- ARM family—arm.h
-
f- Floating-point register
F- One of the floating-point constants 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0
or 10.0
G- Floating-point constant that would satisfy the constraint F if it
were negated
I- Integer that is valid as an immediate operand in a data processing
instruction. That is, an integer in the range 0 to 255 rotated by a
multiple of 2
J- Integer in the range −4095 to 4095
K- Integer that satisfies constraint I when inverted (ones complement)
L- Integer that satisfies constraint I when negated (twos complement)
M- Integer in the range 0 to 32
Q- A memory reference where the exact address is in a single register
(`m' is preferable for
asm statements)
R- An item in the constant pool
S- A symbol in the text segment of the current file
- AVR family—avr.h
-
l- Registers from r0 to r15
a- Registers from r16 to r23
d- Registers from r16 to r31
w- Registers from r24 to r31. These registers can be used in adiw command
e- Pointer register (r26–r31)
b- Base pointer register (r28–r31)
q- Stack pointer register (SPH:SPL)
t- Temporary register r0
x- Register pair X (r27:r26)
y- Register pair Y (r29:r28)
z- Register pair Z (r31:r30)
I- Constant greater than −1, less than 64
J- Constant greater than −64, less than 1
K- Constant integer 2
L- Constant integer 0
M- Constant that fits in 8 bits
N- Constant integer −1
O- Constant integer 8, 16, or 24
P- Constant integer 1
G- A floating point constant 0.0
- IBM RS6000—rs6000.h
-
b- Address base register
f- Floating point register
h- MQ, CTR, or LINK register
q- MQ register
c- CTR register
l- LINK register
x- CR register (condition register) number 0
y- CR register (condition register)
z- FPMEM stack memory for FPR-GPR transfers
I- Signed 16-bit constant
J- Unsigned 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits (use L instead for
SImode constants)
K- Unsigned 16-bit constant
L- Signed 16-bit constant shifted left 16 bits
M- Constant larger than 31
N- Exact power of 2
O- Zero
P- Constant whose negation is a signed 16-bit constant
G- Floating point constant that can be loaded into a register with one
instruction per word
Q- Memory operand that is an offset from a register (m is preferable
for
asm statements)
R- AIX TOC entry
S- Constant suitable as a 64-bit mask operand
T- Constant suitable as a 32-bit mask operand
U- System V Release 4 small data area reference
- Intel 386—i386.h
-
q- a,
b, c, or d register for the i386.
For x86-64 it is equivalent to r class. (for 8-bit instructions that
do not use upper halves)
Q- a,
b, c, or d register. (for 8-bit instructions,
that do use upper halves)
R- Legacy register—equivalent to
r class in i386 mode.
(for non-8-bit registers used together with 8-bit upper halves in a single
instruction)
A- Specifies the a or d registers. This is primarily useful
for 64-bit integer values (when in 32-bit mode) intended to be returned
with the d register holding the most significant bits and the
a register holding the least significant bits.
f- Floating point register
t- First (top of stack) floating point register
u- Second floating point register
a- a register
b- b register
c- c register
C- Specifies constant that can be easily constructed in SSE register without
loading it from memory.
d- d register
D- di register
S- si register
x- xmm SSE register
y- MMX register
I- Constant in range 0 to 31 (for 32-bit shifts)
J- Constant in range 0 to 63 (for 64-bit shifts)
K- 0xff
L- 0xffff
M- 0, 1, 2, or 3 (shifts for
lea instruction)
N- Constant in range 0 to 255 (for
out instruction)
Z- Constant in range 0 to
0xffffffff or symbolic reference known to fit specified range.
(for using immediates in zero extending 32-bit to 64-bit x86-64 instructions)
e- Constant in range −2147483648 to 2147483647 or symbolic reference known to fit specified range.
(for using immediates in 64-bit x86-64 instructions)
G- Standard 80387 floating point constant
- Intel 960—i960.h
-
f- Floating point register (
fp0 to fp3)
l- Local register (
r0 to r15)
b- Global register (
g0 to g15)
d- Any local or global register
I- Integers from 0 to 31
J- 0
K- Integers from −31 to 0
G- Floating point 0
H- Floating point 1
- Intel IA-64—ia64.h
-
a- General register
r0 to r3 for addl instruction
b- Branch register
c- Predicate register (c as in “conditional”)
d- Application register residing in M-unit
e- Application register residing in I-unit
f- Floating-point register
m- Memory operand.
Remember that m allows postincrement and postdecrement which
require printing with %Pn on IA-64.
Use S to disallow postincrement and postdecrement.
G- Floating-point constant 0.0 or 1.0
I- 14-bit signed integer constant
J- 22-bit signed integer constant
K- 8-bit signed integer constant for logical instructions
L- 8-bit adjusted signed integer constant for compare pseudo-ops
M- 6-bit unsigned integer constant for shift counts
N- 9-bit signed integer constant for load and store postincrements
O- The constant zero
P- 0 or -1 for
dep instruction
Q- Non-volatile memory for floating-point loads and stores
R- Integer constant in the range 1 to 4 for
shladd instruction
S- Memory operand except postincrement and postdecrement
- FRV—frv.h
-
a- Register in the class
ACC_REGS (acc0 to acc7).
b- Register in the class
EVEN_ACC_REGS (acc0 to acc7).
c- Register in the class
CC_REGS (fcc0 to fcc3 and
icc0 to icc3).
d- Register in the class
GPR_REGS (gr0 to gr63).
e- Register in the class
EVEN_REGS (gr0 to gr63).
Odd registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine
mode larger than 4 bytes.
f- Register in the class
FPR_REGS (fr0 to fr63).
h- Register in the class
FEVEN_REGS (fr0 to fr63).
Odd registers are excluded not in the class but through the use of a machine
mode larger than 4 bytes.
l- Register in the class
LR_REG (the lr register).
q- Register in the class
QUAD_REGS (gr2 to gr63).
Register numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the class but through
the use of a machine mode larger than 8 bytes.
t- Register in the class
ICC_REGS (icc0 to icc3).
u- Register in the class
FCC_REGS (fcc0 to fcc3).
v- Register in the class
ICR_REGS (cc4 to cc7).
w- Register in the class
FCR_REGS (cc0 to cc3).
x- Register in the class
QUAD_FPR_REGS (fr0 to fr63).
Register numbers not divisible by 4 are excluded not in the class but through
the use of a machine mode larger than 8 bytes.
z- Register in the class
SPR_REGS (lcr and lr).
A- Register in the class
QUAD_ACC_REGS (acc0 to acc7).
B- Register in the class
ACCG_REGS (accg0 to accg7).
C- Register in the class
CR_REGS (cc0 to cc7).
G- Floating point constant zero
I- 6-bit signed integer constant
J- 10-bit signed integer constant
L- 16-bit signed integer constant
M- 16-bit unsigned integer constant
N- 12-bit signed integer constant that is negative—i.e. in the
range of −2048 to −1
O- Constant zero
P- 12-bit signed integer constant that is greater than zero—i.e. in the
range of 1 to 2047.
- IP2K—ip2k.h
-
a- DP or IP registers (general address)
f- IP register
j- IPL register
k- IPH register
b- DP register
y- DPH register
z- DPL register
q- SP register
c- DP or SP registers (offsettable address)
d- Non-pointer registers (not SP, DP, IP)
u- Non-SP registers (everything except SP)
R- Indirect thru IP - Avoid this except for
QImode, since we
can't access extra bytes
S- Indirect thru SP or DP with short displacement (0..127)
T- Data-section immediate value
I- Integers from −255 to −1
J- Integers from 0 to 7—valid bit number in a register
K- Integers from 0 to 127—valid displacement for addressing mode
L- Integers from 1 to 127
M- Integer −1
N- Integer 1
O- Zero
P- Integers from 0 to 255
- MIPS—mips.h
-
d- General-purpose integer register
f- Floating-point register (if available)
h- Hi register
l- Lo register
x- Hi or Lo register
y- General-purpose integer register
z- Floating-point status register
I- Signed 16-bit constant (for arithmetic instructions)
J- Zero
K- Zero-extended 16-bit constant (for logic instructions)
L- Constant with low 16 bits zero (can be loaded with
lui)
M- 32-bit constant which requires two instructions to load (a constant
which is not I, K, or L)
N- Negative 16-bit constant
O- Exact power of two
P- Positive 16-bit constant
G- Floating point zero
Q- Memory reference that can be loaded with more than one instruction
(m is preferable for
asm statements)
R- Memory reference that can be loaded with one instruction
(m is preferable for
asm statements)
S- Memory reference in external OSF/rose PIC format
(m is preferable for
asm statements)
- Motorola 680x0—m68k.h
-
a- Address register
d- Data register
f- 68881 floating-point register, if available
x- Sun FPA (floating-point) register, if available
y- First 16 Sun FPA registers, if available
I- Integer in the range 1 to 8
J- 16-bit signed number
K- Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x80
L- Integer in the range −8 to −1
M- Signed number whose magnitude is greater than 0x100
G- Floating point constant that is not a 68881 constant
H- Floating point constant that can be used by Sun FPA
- Motorola 68HC11 & 68HC12 families—m68hc11.h
-
a- Register 'a'
b- Register 'b'
d- Register 'd'
q- An 8-bit register
t- Temporary soft register _.tmp
u- A soft register _.d1 to _.d31
w- Stack pointer register
x- Register 'x'
y- Register 'y'
z- Pseudo register 'z' (replaced by 'x' or 'y' at the end)
A- An address register: x, y or z
B- An address register: x or y
D- Register pair (x:d) to form a 32-bit value
L- Constants in the range −65536 to 65535
M- Constants whose 16-bit low part is zero
N- Constant integer 1 or −1
O- Constant integer 16
P- Constants in the range −8 to 2
- SPARC—sparc.h
-
f- Floating-point register that can hold 32- or 64-bit values.
e- Floating-point register that can hold 64- or 128-bit values.
I- Signed 13-bit constant
J- Zero
K- 32-bit constant with the low 12 bits clear (a constant that can be
loaded with the
sethi instruction)
L- A constant in the range supported by
movcc instructions
M- A constant in the range supported by
movrcc instructions
N- Same as K, except that it verifies that bits that are not in the
lower 32-bit range are all zero. Must be used instead of K for
modes wider than
SImode
G- Floating-point zero
H- Signed 13-bit constant, sign-extended to 32 or 64 bits
Q- Floating-point constant whose integral representation can
be moved into an integer register using a single sethi
instruction
R- Floating-point constant whose integral representation can
be moved into an integer register using a single mov
instruction
S- Floating-point constant whose integral representation can
be moved into an integer register using a high/lo_sum
instruction sequence
T- Memory address aligned to an 8-byte boundary
U- Even register
W- Memory address for e constraint registers.
- TMS320C3x/C4x—c4x.h
-
a- Auxiliary (address) register (ar0-ar7)
b- Stack pointer register (sp)
c- Standard (32-bit) precision integer register
f- Extended (40-bit) precision register (r0-r11)
k- Block count register (bk)
q- Extended (40-bit) precision low register (r0-r7)
t- Extended (40-bit) precision register (r0-r1)
u- Extended (40-bit) precision register (r2-r3)
v- Repeat count register (rc)
x- Index register (ir0-ir1)
y- Status (condition code) register (st)
z- Data page register (dp)
G- Floating-point zero
H- Immediate 16-bit floating-point constant
I- Signed 16-bit constant
J- Signed 8-bit constant
K- Signed 5-bit constant
L- Unsigned 16-bit constant
M- Unsigned 8-bit constant
N- Ones complement of unsigned 16-bit constant
O- High 16-bit constant (32-bit constant with 16 LSBs zero)
Q- Indirect memory reference with signed 8-bit or index register displacement
R- Indirect memory reference with unsigned 5-bit displacement
S- Indirect memory reference with 1 bit or index register displacement
T- Direct memory reference
U- Symbolic address
- S/390 and zSeries—s390.h
-
a- Address register (general purpose register except r0)
d- Data register (arbitrary general purpose register)
f- Floating-point register
I- Unsigned 8-bit constant (0–255)
J- Unsigned 12-bit constant (0–4095)
K- Signed 16-bit constant (−32768–32767)
L- Unsigned 16-bit constant (0–65535)
Q- Memory reference without index register
S- Symbolic constant suitable for use with the
larl instruction
- Xstormy16—stormy16.h
-
a- Register r0.
b- Register r1.
c- Register r2.
d- Register r8.
e- Registers r0 through r7.
t- Registers r0 and r1.
y- The carry register.
z- Registers r8 and r9.
I- A constant between 0 and 3 inclusive.
J- A constant that has exactly one bit set.
K- A constant that has exactly one bit clear.
L- A constant between 0 and 255 inclusive.
M- A constant between −255 and 0 inclusive.
N- A constant between −3 and 0 inclusive.
O- A constant between 1 and 4 inclusive.
P- A constant between −4 and −1 inclusive.
Q- A memory reference that is a stack push.
R- A memory reference that is a stack pop.
S- A memory reference that refers to an constant address of known value.
T- The register indicated by Rx (not implemented yet).
U- A constant that is not between 2 and 15 inclusive.
- Xtensa—xtensa.h
-
a- General-purpose 32-bit register
b- One-bit boolean register
A- MAC16 40-bit accumulator register
I- Signed 12-bit integer constant, for use in MOVI instructions
J- Signed 8-bit integer constant, for use in ADDI instructions
K- Integer constant valid for BccI instructions
L- Unsigned constant valid for BccUI instructions