CO(1) CO(1)
NAME
co - check out RCS revisions
SYNOPSIS
co [options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
co retrieves a revision from each RCS file and stores it into the corresponding working file.
Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired
as explained in ci(1).
Revisions of an RCS file can be checked out locked or unlocked. Locking a revision prevents overlap-ping overlapping
ping updates. A revision checked out for reading or processing (e.g., compiling) need not be locked.
A revision checked out for editing and later checkin must normally be locked. Checkout with locking
fails if the revision to be checked out is currently locked by another user. (A lock can be broken
with rcs(1).) Checkout with locking also requires the caller to be on the access list of the RCS
file, unless he is the owner of the file or the superuser, or the access list is empty. Checkout
without locking is not subject to accesslist restrictions, and is not affected by the presence of
locks.
A revision is selected by options for revision or branch number, checkin date/time, author, or state.
When the selection options are applied in combination, co retrieves the latest revision that satis-fies satisfies
fies all of them. If none of the selection options is specified, co retrieves the latest revision on
the default branch (normally the trunk, see the -b option of rcs(1)). A revision or branch number
can be attached to any of the options -f, -I, -l, -M, -p, -q, -r, or -u. The options -d (date), -s
(state), and -w (author) retrieve from a single branch, the selected branch, which is either speci-fied specified
fied by one of -f, ..., -u, or the default branch.
A co command applied to an RCS file with no revisions creates a zero-length working file. co always
performs keyword substitution (see below).
OPTIONS
-r[rev]
retrieves the latest revision whose number is less than or equal to rev. If rev indicates a
branch rather than a revision, the latest revision on that branch is retrieved. If rev is
omitted, the latest revision on the default branch (see the -b option of rcs(1)) is retrieved.
If rev is $, co determines the revision number from keyword values in the working file. Oth-erwise, Otherwise,
erwise, a revision is composed of one or more numeric or symbolic fields separated by periods.
If rev begins with a period, then the default branch (normally the trunk) is prepended to it.
If rev is a branch number followed by a period, then the latest revision on that branch is
used. The numeric equivalent of a symbolic field is specified with the -n option of the com-mands commands
mands ci(1) and rcs(1).
-l[rev]
same as -r, except that it also locks the retrieved revision for the caller.
-u[rev]
same as -r, except that it unlocks the retrieved revision if it was locked by the caller. If
rev is omitted, -u retrieves the revision locked by the caller, if there is one; otherwise, it
retrieves the latest revision on the default branch.
-f[rev]
forces the overwriting of the working file; useful in connection with -q. See also FILE MODES
below.
-kkv Generate keyword strings using the default form, e.g. $Revision: 1.1 $ for the Revision key-word. keyword.
word. A locker's name is inserted in the value of the Header, Id, and Locker keyword strings
only as a file is being locked, i.e. by ci -l and co -l. This is the default.
-kkvl Like -kkv, except that a locker's name is always inserted if the given revision is currently
locked.
-kk Generate only keyword names in keyword strings; omit their values. See KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION
below. For example, for the Revision keyword, generate the string $Revision$ instead of
$Revision: 1.1 $. This option is useful to ignore differences due to keyword substitution
when comparing different revisions of a file. Log messages are inserted after $Log$ keywords
even if -kk is specified, since this tends to be more useful when merging changes.
-ko Generate the old keyword string, present in the working file just before it was checked in.
For example, for the Revision keyword, generate the string $Revision: 1.1 $ instead of $Revi-sion: $Revision:
sion: 1.1 $ if that is how the string appeared when the file was checked in. This can be use-ful useful
ful for file formats that cannot tolerate any changes to substrings that happen to take the
form of keyword strings.
-kb Generate a binary image of the old keyword string. This acts like -ko, except it performs all
working file input and output in binary mode. This makes little difference on Posix and Unix
hosts, but on DOS-like hosts one should use rcs -i -kb to initialize an RCS file intended to
be used for binary files. Also, on all hosts, rcsmerge(1) normally refuses to merge files
when -kb is in effect.
-kv Generate only keyword values for keyword strings. For example, for the Revision keyword, gen-erate generate
erate the string 1.1 instead of $Revision: 1.1 $. This can help generate files in programming
languages where it is hard to strip keyword delimiters like $Revision: $ from a string. How-ever, However,
ever, further keyword substitution cannot be performed once the keyword names are removed, so
this option should be used with care. Because of this danger of losing keywords, this option
cannot be combined with -l, and the owner write permission of the working file is turned off;
to edit the file later, check it out again without -kv.
-p[rev]
prints the retrieved revision on the standard output rather than storing it in the working
file. This option is useful when co is part of a pipe.
-q[rev]
quiet mode; diagnostics are not printed.
-I[rev]
interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the standard input is not a ter-minal. terminal.
minal.
-ddate retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose checkin date/time is less than or
equal to date. The date and time can be given in free format. The time zone LT stands for
local time; other common time zone names are understood. For example, the following dates are
equivalent if local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time, eight hours west of
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC):
8:00 pm lt
4:00 AM, Jan. 12, 1990 default is UTC
1990-01-12 04:00:00+00 ISO 8601 (UTC)
1990-01-11 20:00:00-08 ISO 8601 (local time)
1990/01/12 04:00:00 traditional RCS format
Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 1990 LT output of ctime(3) + LT
Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 PST 1990 output of date(1)
Fri Jan 12 04:00:00 GMT 1990
Thu, 11 Jan 1990 20:00:00 -0800 Internet RFC 822
12-January-1990, 04:00 WET
Most fields in the date and time can be defaulted. The default time zone is normally UTC, but
this can be overridden by the -z option. The other defaults are determined in the order year,
month, day, hour, minute, and second (most to least significant). At least one of these
fields must be provided. For omitted fields that are of higher significance than the highest
provided field, the time zone's current values are assumed. For all other omitted fields, the
lowest possible values are assumed. For example, without -z, the date 20, 10:30 defaults to
10:30:00 UTC of the 20th of the UTC time zone's current month and year. The date/time must be
quoted if it contains spaces.
-M[rev]
Set the modification time on the new working file to be the date of the retrieved revision.
Use this option with care; it can confuse make(1).
-sstate
retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose state is set to state.
-T Preserve the modification time on the RCS file even if the RCS file changes because a lock is
added or removed. This option can suppress extensive recompilation caused by a make(1) depen-dency dependency
dency of some other copy of the working file on the RCS file. Use this option with care; it
can suppress recompilation even when it is needed, i.e. when the change of lock would mean a
change to keyword strings in the other working file.
-w[login]
retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch which was checked in by the user with
login name login. If the argument login is omitted, the caller's login is assumed.
-jjoinlist
generates a new revision which is the join of the revisions on joinlist. This option is
largely obsoleted by rcsmerge(1) but is retained for backwards compatibility.
The joinlist is a comma-separated list of pairs of the form rev2:rev3, where rev2 and rev3 are
(symbolic or numeric) revision numbers. For the initial such pair, rev1 denotes the revision
selected by the above options -f, ..., -w. For all other pairs, rev1 denotes the revision
generated by the previous pair. (Thus, the output of one join becomes the input to the next.)
For each pair, co joins revisions rev1 and rev3 with respect to rev2. This means that all
changes that transform rev2 into rev1 are applied to a copy of rev3. This is particularly
useful if rev1 and rev3 are the ends of two branches that have rev2 as a common ancestor. If
rev1<rev2<rev3 on the same branch, joining generates a new revision which is like rev3, but
with all changes that lead from rev1 to rev2 undone. If changes from rev2 to rev1 overlap
with changes from rev2 to rev3, co reports overlaps as described in merge(1).
For the initial pair, rev2 can be omitted. The default is the common ancestor. If any of the
arguments indicate branches, the latest revisions on those branches are assumed. The options
-l and -u lock or unlock rev1.
-V Print RCS's version number.
-Vn Emulate RCS version n, where n can be 3, 4, or 5. This can be useful when interchanging RCS
files with others who are running older versions of RCS. To see which version of RCS your
correspondents are running, have them invoke rcs -V; this works with newer versions of RCS.
If it doesn't work, have them invoke rlog on an RCS file; if none of the first few lines of
output contain the string branch: it is version 3; if the dates' years have just two digits,
it is version 4; otherwise, it is version 5. An RCS file generated while emulating version 3
loses its default branch. An RCS revision generated while emulating version 4 or earlier has
a time stamp that is off by up to 13 hours. A revision extracted while emulating version 4 or
earlier contains abbreviated dates of the form yy/mm/dd and can also contain different white
space and line prefixes in the substitution for $Log$.
-xsuffixes
Use suffixes to characterize RCS files. See ci(1) for details.
-zzone specifies the date output format in keyword substitution, and specifies the default time zone
for date in the -ddate option. The zone should be empty, a numeric UTC offset, or the special
string LT for local time. The default is an empty zone, which uses the traditional RCS format
of UTC without any time zone indication and with slashes separating the parts of the date;
otherwise, times are output in ISO 8601 format with time zone indication. For example, if
local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time, eight hours west of UTC, then the
time is output as follows:
option time output
-z 1990/01/12 04:00:00 (default)
-zLT 1990-01-11 20:00:00-08
-z+05:30 1990-01-12 09:30:00+05:30
The -z option does not affect dates stored in RCS files, which are always UTC.
KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION
Strings of the form $keyword$ and $keyword:...$ embedded in the text are replaced with strings of the
form $keyword:value$ where keyword and value are pairs listed below. Keywords can be embedded in
literal strings or comments to identify a revision.
Initially, the user enters strings of the form $keyword$. On checkout, co replaces these strings
with strings of the form $keyword:value$. If a revision containing strings of the latter form is
checked back in, the value fields will be replaced during the next checkout. Thus, the keyword val-
ues are automatically updated on checkout. This automatic substitution can be modified by the -k
options.
Keywords and their corresponding values:
$Author$
The login name of the user who checked in the revision.
$Date$ The date and time the revision was checked in. With -zzone a numeric time zone offset is
appended; otherwise, the date is UTC.
$Header$
A standard header containing the full pathname of the RCS file, the revision number, the date
and time, the author, the state, and the locker (if locked). With -zzone a numeric time zone
offset is appended to the date; otherwise, the date is UTC.
$Id$ Same as $Header$, except that the RCS filename is without a path.
$Locker$
The login name of the user who locked the revision (empty if not locked).
$Log$ The log message supplied during checkin, preceded by a header containing the RCS filename, the
revision number, the author, and the date and time. With -zzone a numeric time zone offset is
appended; otherwise, the date is UTC. Existing log messages are not replaced. Instead, the
new log message is inserted after $Log:...$. This is useful for accumulating a complete
change log in a source file.
Each inserted line is prefixed by the string that prefixes the $Log$ line. For example, if
the $Log$ line is "// $Log: tan.cc $", RCS prefixes each line of the log with "// ". This is
useful for languages with comments that go to the end of the line. The convention for other
languages is to use a " * " prefix inside a multiline comment. For example, the initial log
comment of a C program conventionally is of the following form:
/*
* $Log$
*/
For backwards compatibility with older versions of RCS, if the log prefix is /* or (* sur-rounded surrounded
rounded by optional white space, inserted log lines contain a space instead of / or (; how-ever, however,
ever, this usage is obsolescent and should not be relied on.
$Name$ The symbolic name used to check out the revision, if any. For example, co -rJoe generates
$Name: Joe $. Plain co generates just $Name: $.
$RCSfile$
The name of the RCS file without a path.
$Revision$
The revision number assigned to the revision.
$Source$
The full pathname of the RCS file.
$State$
The state assigned to the revision with the -s option of rcs(1) or ci(1).
The following characters in keyword values are represented by escape sequences to keep keyword
strings well-formed.
char escape sequence
tab \t
newline \n
space \040
$ \044
\ \\
FILE MODES
The working file inherits the read and execute permissions from the RCS file. In addition, the owner
write permission is turned on, unless -kv is set or the file is checked out unlocked and locking is
set to strict (see rcs(1)).
If a file with the name of the working file exists already and has write permission, co aborts the
checkout, asking beforehand if possible. If the existing working file is not writable or -f is
given, the working file is deleted without asking.
FILES
co accesses files much as ci(1) does, except that it does not need to read the working file unless a
revision number of $ is specified.
ENVIRONMENT
RCSINIT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. See ci(1) for details.
DIAGNOSTICS
The RCS pathname, the working pathname, and the revision number retrieved are written to the diagnos-tic diagnostic
tic output. The exit status is zero if and only if all operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Manual Page Revision: 1.1; Release Date: 1999/04/23.
Copyright (C) 1982, 1988, 1989 Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Paul Eggert.
SEE ALSO
rcsintro(1), ci(1), ctime(3), date(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1),
rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, Software--Practice & Experience 15, 7 (July
1985), 637-654.
LIMITS
Links to the RCS and working files are not preserved.
There is no way to selectively suppress the expansion of keywords, except by writing them differ-ently. differently.
ently. In nroff and troff, this is done by embedding the null-character \& into the keyword.
GNU 1999/04/23 CO(1)
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