ZSH(1) ZSH(1)
NAME
zsh - the Z shell
OVERVIEW
Because zsh contains many features, the zsh manual has been split into a number of sections:
zsh Zsh overview (this section)
zshroadmap Informal introduction to the manual
zshmisc Anything not fitting into the other sections
zshexpn Zsh command and parameter expansion
zshparam Zsh parameters
zshoptions Zsh options
zshbuiltins Zsh built-in functions
zshzle Zsh command line editing
zshcompwid Zsh completion widgets
zshcompsys Zsh completion system
zshcompctl Zsh completion control
zshmodules Zsh loadable modules
zshtcpsys Zsh built-in TCP functions
zshzftpsys Zsh built-in FTP client
zshcontrib Additional zsh functions and utilities
DESCRIPTION
Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and as a shell script
command processor. Of the standard shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhance-ments. enhancements.
ments. Zsh has command line editing, builtin spelling correction, programmable command completion,
shell functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and a host of other features.
AUTHOR
Zsh was originally written by Paul Falstad <pf@zsh.org>. Zsh is now maintained by the members of the
zsh-workers mailing list <zsh-workers@sunsite.dk>. The development is currently coordinated by Peter
Stephenson <pws@zsh.org>. The coordinator can be contacted at <coordinator@zsh.org>, but matters
relating to the code should generally go to the mailing list.
AVAILABILITY
Zsh is available from the following anonymous FTP sites. These mirror sites are kept frequently up
to date. The sites marked with (H) may be mirroring ftp.cs.elte.hu instead of the primary site.
Primary site
ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
http://www.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Australia
ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
http://www.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Denmark
ftp://sunsite.dk/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Finland
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Germany
ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/unix/shells/zsh/ (H)
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/zsh/
ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/unix/shell/zsh/
Hungary
ftp://ftp.cs.elte.hu/pub/zsh/
http://www.cs.elte.hu/pub/zsh/
ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/zsh/
Israel
ftp://ftp.math.technion.ac.il/pub/zsh/
http://www.math.technion.ac.il/pub/zsh/
Japan
ftp://ftp.win.ne.jp/pub/shell/zsh/
Korea
ftp://linux.sarang.net/mirror/system/shell/zsh/
Netherlands
ftp://ftp.demon.nl/pub/mirrors/zsh/
Norway
ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Poland
ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Romania
ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Slovenia
ftp://ftp.siol.net/mirrors/zsh/
Sweden
ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/unix/zsh/
UK
ftp://ftp.net.lut.ac.uk/zsh/
ftp://sunsite.org.uk/packages/zsh/
USA
http://zsh.open-mirror.com/
The up-to-date source code is available via anonymous CVS from Sourceforge. See http://source-
forge.net/projects/zsh/ for details.
MAILING LISTS
Zsh has 3 mailing lists:
<zsh-announce@sunsite.dk>
Announcements about releases, major changes in the shell and the monthly posting of the Zsh
FAQ. (moderated)
<zsh-users@sunsite.dk>
User discussions.
<zsh-workers@sunsite.dk>
Hacking, development, bug reports and patches.
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send mail to the associated administrative address for the mailing list.
<zsh-announce-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-users-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-workers-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-announce-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-users-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-workers-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
YOU ONLY NEED TO JOIN ONE OF THE MAILING LISTS AS THEY ARE NESTED. All submissions to zsh-announce
are automatically forwarded to zsh-users. All submissions to zsh-users are automatically forwarded
to zsh-workers.
If you have problems subscribing/unsubscribing to any of the mailing lists, send mail to <listmas-
ter@zsh.org>. The mailing lists are maintained by Karsten Thygesen <karthy@kom.auc.dk>.
The mailing lists are archived; the archives can be accessed via the administrative addresses listed
above. There is also a hypertext archive, maintained by Geoff Wing <gcw@zsh.org>, available at
http://www.zsh.org/mla/
THE ZSH FAQ
Zsh has a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), maintained by Peter Stephenson <pws@zsh.org>. It
is regularly posted to the newsgroup comp.unix.shell and the zsh-announce mailing list. The latest
version can be found at any of the Zsh FTP sites, or at http://www.zsh.org/FAQ/ The contact address
for FAQ-related matters is <faqmaster@zsh.org>.
THE ZSH WEB PAGE
Zsh has a web page which is located at http://www.zsh.org/ This is maintained by Karsten Thygesen
<karthy@zsh.org>, of SunSITE Denmark. The contact address for web-related matters is <webmas-
ter@zsh.org>.
THE ZSH USERGUIDE
A userguide is currently in preparation. It is intended to complement the manual, with explanations
and hints on issues where the manual can be cabbalistic, hierographic, or downright mystifying (for
example, the word `hierographic' does not exist). It can be viewed in its current state at
http://zsh.sunsite.dk/Guide/ At the time of writing, chapters dealing with startup files and their
contents and the new completion system were essentially complete.
THE ZSH WIKI
A `wiki' website for zsh has been created at http://www.zshwiki.org/ This is a site which can be
added to and modified directly by users without any special permission. You can add your own zsh
tips and configurations.
INVOCATION OPTIONS
The following flags are interpreted by the shell when invoked to determine where the shell will read
commands from:
-c Take the first argument as a command to execute, rather than reading commands from a script or
standard input. If any further arguments are given, the first one is assigned to $0, rather
than being used as a positional parameter.
-i Force shell to be interactive.
-s Force shell to read commands from the standard input. If the -s flag is not present and an
argument is given, the first argument is taken to be the pathname of a script to execute.
After the first one or two arguments have been appropriated as described above, the remaining argu-
ments are assigned to the positional parameters.
For further options, which are common to invocation and the set builtin, see zshoptions(1).
Options may be specified by name using the -o option. -o acts like a single-letter option, but takes
a following string as the option name. For example,
zsh -x -o shwordsplit scr
runs the script scr, setting the XTRACE option by the corresponding letter `-x' and the SH_WORD_SPLIT
option by name. Options may be turned off by name by using +o instead of -o. -o can be stacked up
with preceding single-letter options, so for example `-xo shwordsplit' or `-xoshwordsplit' is equiva-
lent to `-x -o shwordsplit'.
Options may also be specified by name in GNU long option style, `--option-name'. When this is done,
`-' characters in the option name are permitted: they are translated into `_', and thus ignored. So,
for example, `zsh --sh-word-split' invokes zsh with the SH_WORD_SPLIT option turned on. Like other
option syntaxes, options can be turned off by replacing the initial `-' with a `+'; thus
`+-sh-word-split' is equivalent to `--no-sh-word-split'. Unlike other option syntaxes, GNU-style
long options cannot be stacked with any other options, so for example `-x-shwordsplit' is an error,
rather than being treated like `-x --shwordsplit'.
The special GNU-style option `--version' is handled; it sends to standard output the shell's version
information, then exits successfully. `--help' is also handled; it sends to standard output a list
of options that can be used when invoking the shell, then exits successfully.
Option processing may be finished, allowing following arguments that start with `-' or `+' to be
treated as normal arguments, in two ways. Firstly, a lone `-' (or `+') as an argument by itself ends
option processing. Secondly, a special option `--' (or `+-'), which may be specified on its own
(which is the standard POSIX usage) or may be stacked with preceding options (so `-x-' is equivalent
to `-x --'). Options are not permitted to be stacked after `--' (so `-x-f' is an error), but note
the GNU-style option form discussed above, where `--shwordsplit' is permitted and does not end option
processing.
Except when the sh/ksh emulation single-letter options are in effect, the option `-b' (or `+b') ends
option processing. `-b' is like `--', except that further single-letter options can be stacked after
the `-b' and will take effect as normal.
COMPATIBILITY
Zsh tries to emulate sh or ksh when it is invoked as sh or ksh respectively; more precisely, it looks
at the first letter of the name by which it was invoked, excluding any initial `r' (assumed to stand
for `restricted'), and if that is `s' or `k' it will emulate sh or ksh. Furthermore, if invoked as
su (which happens on certain systems when the shell is executed by the su command), the shell will
try to find an alternative name from the SHELL environment variable and perform emulation based on
that.
In sh and ksh compatibility modes the following parameters are not special and not initialized by the
shell: ARGC, argv, cdpath, fignore, fpath, HISTCHARS, mailpath, MANPATH, manpath, path, prompt,
PROMPT, PROMPT2, PROMPT3, PROMPT4, psvar, status, watch.
The usual zsh startup/shutdown scripts are not executed. Login shells source /etc/profile followed
by $HOME/.profile. If the ENV environment variable is set on invocation, $ENV is sourced after the
profile scripts. The value of ENV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a pathname. Note that the PRIVILEGED option also
affects the execution of startup files.
The following options are set if the shell is invoked as sh or ksh: NO_BAD_PATTERN, NO_BANG_HIST,
NO_BG_NICE, NO_EQUALS, NO_FUNCTION_ARGZERO, GLOB_SUBST, NO_GLOBAL_EXPORT, NO_HUP, INTERACTIVE_COM-
MENTS, KSH_ARRAYS, NO_MULTIOS, NO_NOMATCH, NO_NOTIFY, POSIX_BUILTINS, NO_PROMPT_PERCENT,
RM_STAR_SILENT, SH_FILE_EXPANSION, SH_GLOB, SH_OPTION_LETTERS, SH_WORD_SPLIT. Additionally the
BSD_ECHO and IGNORE_BRACES options are set if zsh is invoked as sh. Also, the KSH_OPTION_PRINT,
LOCAL_OPTIONS, PROMPT_BANG, PROMPT_SUBST and SINGLE_LINE_ZLE options are set if zsh is invoked as
ksh.
RESTRICTED SHELL
When the basename of the command used to invoke zsh starts with the letter `r' or the `-r' command
line option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. Emulation mode is determined
after stripping the letter `r' from the invocation name. The following are disabled in restricted
mode:
changing directories with the cd builtin
changing or unsetting the PATH, path, MODULE_PATH, module_path, SHELL, HISTFILE, HISTSIZE,
GID, EGID, UID, EUID, USERNAME, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_PRELOAD and
LD_AOUT_PRELOAD parameters
specifying command names containing /
specifying command pathnames using hash
redirecting output to files
using the exec builtin command to replace the shell with another command
using jobs -Z to overwrite the shell process' argument and environment space
using the ARGV0 parameter to override argv[0] for external commands
turning off restricted mode with set +r or unsetopt RESTRICTED
These restrictions are enforced after processing the startup files. The startup files should set up
PATH to point to a directory of commands which can be safely invoked in the restricted environment.
They may also add further restrictions by disabling selected builtins.
Restricted mode can also be activated any time by setting the RESTRICTED option. This immediately
enables all the restrictions described above even if the shell still has not processed all startup
files.
STARTUP/SHUTDOWN FILES
Commands are first read from /etc/zshenv; this cannot be overridden. Subsequent behaviour is modi-
fied by the RCS and GLOBAL_RCS options; the former affects all startup files, while the second only
affects those in the /etc directory. If one of the options is unset at any point, any subsequent
startup file(s) of the corresponding type will not be read. It is also possible for a file in $ZDOT-
DIR to re-enable GLOBAL_RCS. Both RCS and GLOBAL_RCS are set by default.
Commands are then read from $ZDOTDIR/.zshenv. If the shell is a login shell, commands are read from
/etc/zprofile and then $ZDOTDIR/.zprofile. Then, if the shell is interactive, commands are read from
/etc/zshrc and then $ZDOTDIR/.zshrc. Finally, if the shell is a login shell, /etc/zlogin and $ZDOT-
DIR/.zlogin are read.
When a login shell exits, the files $ZDOTDIR/.zlogout and then /etc/zlogout are read. This happens
with either an explicit exit via the exit or logout commands, or an implicit exit by reading
end-of-file from the terminal. However, if the shell terminates due to exec'ing another process, the
logout files are not read. These are also affected by the RCS and GLOBAL_RCS options. Note also
that the RCS option affects the saving of history files, i.e. if RCS is unset when the shell exits,
no history file will be saved.
If ZDOTDIR is unset, HOME is used instead. Those files listed above as being in /etc may be in
another directory, depending on the installation.
As /etc/zshenv is run for all instances of zsh, it is important that it be kept as small as possible.
In particular, it is a good idea to put code that does not need to be run for every single shell
behind a test of the form `if [[ -o rcs ]]; then ...' so that it will not be executed when zsh is
invoked with the `-f' option.
Any of these files may be pre-compiled with the zcompile builtin command (see zshbuiltins(1)). If a
compiled file exists (named for the original file plus the .zwc extension) and it is newer than the
original file, the compiled file will be used instead.
FILES
$ZDOTDIR/.zshenv
$ZDOTDIR/.zprofile
$ZDOTDIR/.zshrc
$ZDOTDIR/.zlogin
$ZDOTDIR/.zlogout
${TMPPREFIX}* (default is /tmp/zsh*)
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout (installation-specific - /etc is the default)
SEE ALSO
sh(1), csh(1), tcsh(1), rc(1), bash(1), ksh(1), zshbuiltins(1), zshcompwid(1), zshcompsys(1), zshcom-
pctl(1), zshexpn(1), zshmisc(1), zshmodules(1), zshoptions(1), zshparam(1), zshzle(1)
IEEE Standard for information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part 2:
Shell and Utilities, IEEE Inc, 1993, ISBN 1-55937-255-9.
zsh 4.3.4 April 19, 2006 ZSH(1)
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