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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and preliminaries
1.1 Introduction to
m4
1.2 Historical references
1.3 Invoking
m4
1.4 Problems and bugs
1.5 Using this manual
2. Lexical and syntactic conventions
2.1 Names
2.2 Quoted strings
2.3 Comments
2.4 Other tokens
2.5 Input Processing
3. How to invoke macros
3.1 Macro invocation
3.2 Preventing macro invocation
3.3 Macro arguments
3.4 Quoting macro arguments
3.5 Macro expansion
4. How to define new macros
4.1 Defining a macro
4.2 Arguments to macros
4.3 Special arguments to macros
4.4 Deleting a macro
4.5 Renaming macros
4.6 Temporarily redefining macros
4.7 Indirect call of macros
4.8 Indirect call of builtins
5. Conditionals, loops, and recursion
5.1 Testing macro definitions
5.2 Comparing strings
5.3 Loops and recursion
6. How to debug macros and input
6.1 Displaying macro definitions
6.2 Tracing macro calls
6.3 Controlling debugging output
6.4 Saving debugging output
7. Input control
7.1 Deleting whitespace in input
7.2 Changing the quote characters
7.3 Changing comment delimiters
7.4 Changing the lexical structure of words
7.5 Saving input
8. File inclusion
8.1 Including named files
8.2 Searching for include files
9. Diverting and undiverting output
9.1 Diverting output
9.2 Undiverting output
9.3 Diversion numbers
9.4 Discarding diverted text
10. Macros for text handling
10.1 Calculating length of strings
10.2 Searching for substrings
10.3 Searching for regular expressions
10.4 Extracting substrings
10.5 Translating characters
10.6 Substituting text by regular expression
10.7 Formatted output
11. Macros for doing arithmetic
11.1 Decrement and increment operators
11.2 Evaluating integer expressions
12. Running shell commands
12.1 Determining the platform
12.2 Executing simple commands
12.3 Reading the output of commands
12.4 Exit status
12.5 Making names for temporary files
13. Miscellaneous builtin macros
13.1 Printing error messages
13.2 Printing current location
13.3 Exiting from
m4
14. Fast loading of frozen state
14.1 Using frozen files
14.2 Frozen file format
15. Compatibility with other versions of
m4
15.1 Extensions in GNU
m4
15.2 Facilities in System V
m4
not in GNU
m4
15.3 Other incompatibilities
16. Correct version of some examples
A. Copying This Manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
B. Indices
B.1 Concept index
B.2 Macro index
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