FTP(1) BSD General Commands Manual FTP(1)
NAME
ftp -- Internet file transfer program
SYNOPSIS
ftp [-46AadefginpRtvV] [-N netrc] [-o output] [-P port] [-q quittime] [-r retry] [-T dir,max[,inc]]
[[user@]host [port]] [[user@]host:[path][/]] [file:///path]
[ftp://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/path[/][;type=X]] [http://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/path]
[...]
ftp -u URL file [...]
DESCRIPTION
ftp is the user interface to the Internet standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user
to transfer files to and from a remote network site.
The last five arguments will fetch a file using the FTP or HTTP protocols, or by direct copying, into
the current directory. This is ideal for scripts. Refer to AUTO-FETCHING FILES below for more infor-
mation.
Options may be specified at the command line, or to the command interpreter.
-4 Forces ftp to only use IPv4 addresses.
-6 Forces ftp to only use IPv6 addresses.
-A Force active mode ftp. By default, ftp will try to use passive mode ftp and fall back to
active mode if passive is not supported by the server. This option causes ftp to always use
an active connection. It is only useful for connecting to very old servers that do not imple-
ment passive mode properly.
-a Causes ftp to bypass normal login procedure, and use an anonymous login instead.
-d Enables debugging.
-e Disables command line editing. This is useful for Emacs ange-ftp mode.
-f Forces a cache reload for transfers that go through the FTP or HTTP proxies.
-g Disables file name globbing.
-i Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers.
-n Restrains ftp from attempting ``auto-login'' upon initial connection for non auto-fetch trans-
fers. If auto-login is enabled, ftp will check the .netrc (see below) file in the user's home
directory for an entry describing an account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, ftp
will prompt for the remote machine login name (default is the user identity on the local
machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an account with which to login. To
override the auto-login for auto-fetch transfers, specify the username (and optionally, pass-
word) as appropriate.
-N netrc
Use netrc instead of ~/.netrc. Refer to THE .netrc FILE for more information.
-o output
When auto-fetching files, save the contents in output. output is parsed according to the FILE
NAMING CONVENTIONS below. If output is not `-' or doesn't start with `|', then only the first
file specified will be retrieved into output; all other files will be retrieved into the base-
name of their remote name.
-p Enable passive mode operation for use behind connection filtering firewalls. This option has
been deprecated as ftp now tries to use passive mode by default, falling back to active mode
if the server does not support passive connections.
-P port Sets the port number to port.
-r wait Retry the connection attempt if it failed, pausing for wait seconds.
-q quittime
Quit if the connection has stalled for quittime seconds.
-R Restart all non-proxied auto-fetches.
-t Enables packet tracing.
-T direction,maximum[,increment]
Set the maximum transfer rate for direction to maximum bytes/second, and if specified, the
increment to increment bytes/second. Refer to rate for more information.
-u URL file [...]
Upload files on the command line to URL where URL is one of the ftp URL types as supported by
auto-fetch (with an optional target filename for single file uploads), and file is one or more
local files to be uploaded.
-v Enable verbose and progress. This is the default if output is to a terminal (and in the case
of progress, ftp is the foreground process). Forces ftp to show all responses from the remote
server, as well as report on data transfer statistics.
-V Disable verbose and progress, overriding the default of enabled when output is to a terminal.
The client host with which ftp is to communicate may be specified on the command line. If this is
done, ftp will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise,
ftp will enter its command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When ftp is awaiting com-
mands from the user the prompt `ftp>' is provided to the user. The following commands are recognized
by ftp:
! [command [args]]
Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine. If there are arguments, the first is
taken to be a command to execute directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments.
$ macro-name [args]
Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef command. Arguments are
passed to the macro unglobbed.
account [passwd]
Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a
login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be
prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode.
append local-file [remote-file]
Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified,
the local file name is used in naming the remote file after being altered by any ntrans or
nmap setting. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and
structure.
ascii Set the file transfer type to network ASCII. This is the default type.
bell Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer command is completed.
binary Set the file transfer type to support binary image transfer.
bye Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit ftp. An end of file will also
terminate the session and exit.
case Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during get, mget and mput commands. When
case is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in upper case are
written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lower case.
cd remote-directory
Change the working directory on the remote machine to remote-directory.
cdup Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the current remote machine
working directory.
chmod mode remote-file
Change the permission modes of the file remote-file on the remote system to mode.
close Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return to the command interpreter.
Any defined macros are erased.
cr Toggle carriage return stripping during ascii type file retrieval. Records are denoted by
a carriage return/linefeed sequence during ascii type file transfer. When cr is on (the
default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to conform with the UNIX single
linefeed record delimiter. Records on non-UNIX remote systems may contain single line-
feeds; when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds may be distinguished from a
record delimiter only when cr is off.
debug [debug-value]
Toggle debugging mode. If an optional debug-value is specified it is used to set the
debugging level. When debugging is on, ftp prints each command sent to the remote machine,
preceded by the string `-->'
delete remote-file
Delete the file remote-file on the remote machine.
dir [remote-path [local-file]]
Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote machine. The listing includes
any system-dependent information that the server chooses to include; for example, most UNIX
systems will produce output from the command `ls -l'. If remote-path is left unspecified,
the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the
user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving dir
output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is `-', the output is sent to the
terminal.
disconnect A synonym for close.
edit Toggle command line editing, and context sensitive command and file completion. This is
automatically enabled if input is from a terminal, and disabled otherwise.
epsv4 Toggle the use of the extended EPSV and EPRT commands on IPv4 connections; first try EPSV /
EPRT, and then PASV / PORT. This is enabled by default. If an extended command fails then
this option will be temporarily disabled for the duration of the current connection, or
until epsv4 is executed again.
exit A synonym for bye.
features Display what features the remote server supports (using the FEAT command).
fget localfile
Retrieve the files listed in localfile, which has one line per filename.
form format
Set the file transfer form to format. The default (and only supported) format is
``non-print''.
ftp host [port]
A synonym for open.
gate [host [port]]
Toggle gate-ftp mode, which used to connect through the TIS FWTK and Gauntlet ftp proxies.
This will not be permitted if the gate-ftp server hasn't been set (either explicitly by the
user, or from the FTPSERVER environment variable). If host is given, then gate-ftp mode
will be enabled, and the gate-ftp server will be set to host. If port is also given, that
will be used as the port to connect to on the gate-ftp server.
get remote-file [local-file]
Retrieve the remote-file and store it on the local machine. If the local file name is not
specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine, subject to alteration by
the current case, ntrans, and nmap settings. The current settings for type, form, mode,
and structure are used while transferring the file.
glob Toggle filename expansion for mdelete, mget, mput, and mreget. If globbing is turned off
with glob, the file name arguments are taken literally and not expanded. Globbing for mput
is done as in csh(1). For mdelete, mget, and mreget, each remote file name is expanded
separately on the remote machine and the lists are not merged. Expansion of a directory
name is likely to be different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the exact
result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server, and can be previewed by
doing `mls remote-files -' Note: mget, mput and mreget are not meant to transfer entire
directory subtrees of files. That can be done by transferring a tar(1) archive of the sub-
tree (in binary mode).
hash [size]
Toggle hash-sign (``#'') printing for each data block transferred. The size of a data
block defaults to 1024 bytes. This can be changed by specifying size in bytes. Enabling
hash disables progress.
help [command]
Print an informative message about the meaning of command. If no argument is given, ftp
prints a list of the known commands.
idle [seconds]
Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to seconds seconds. If seconds is omitted,
the current inactivity timer is printed.
image A synonym for binary.
lcd [directory]
Change the working directory on the local machine. If no directory is specified, the
user's home directory is used.
less file A synonym for page.
lpage local-file
Display local-file with the program specified by the set pager option.
lpwd Print the working directory on the local machine.
ls [remote-path [local-file]]
A synonym for dir.
macdef macro-name
Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro macro-name; a null line (consecu-
tive newline characters in a file or carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro
input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros.
Macros remain defined until a close command is executed. The macro processor interprets
`$' and `\' as special characters. A `$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by
the corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line. A `$' followed by an `i'
signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass
`$i' is replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line, on the second
pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on. A `\' followed by any character is
replaced by that character. Use the `\' to prevent special treatment of the `$'.
mdelete [remote-files]
Delete the remote-files on the remote machine.
mdir remote-files local-file
Like dir, except multiple remote files may be specified. If interactive prompting is on,
ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file
for receiving mdir output.
mget remote-files
Expand the remote-files on the remote machine and do a get for each file name thus pro-
duced. See glob for details on the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be
processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings. Files are transferred into the
local working directory, which can be changed with `lcd directory'; new local directories
can be created with `! mkdir directory'.
mkdir directory-name
Make a directory on the remote machine.
mls remote-files local-file
Like ls, except multiple remote files may be specified, and the local-file must be speci-
fied. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last
argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mls output.
mlsd [remote-path]
Display the contents of remote-path (which should default to the current directory if not
given) in a machine-parsable form, using MLSD. The format of display can be changed with
`remopts mlst ...'.
mlst [remote-path]
Display the details about remote-path (which should default to the current directory if not
given) in a machine-parsable form, using MLST. The format of display can be changed with
`remopts mlst ...'.
mode mode-name
Set the file transfer mode to mode-name. The default (and only supported) mode is
``stream''.
modtime remote-file
Show the last modification time of the file on the remote machine.
more file A synonym for page.
mput local-files
Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do a put for each file
in the resulting list. See glob for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names
will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings.
mreget remote-files
As per mget, but performs a reget instead of get.
msend local-files
A synonym for mput.
newer remote-file [local-file]
Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more recent that the file
on the current system. If the file does not exist on the current system, the remote file
is considered newer. Otherwise, this command is identical to get.
nlist [remote-path [local-file]]
A synonym for ls.
nmap [inpattern outpattern]
Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename
mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during
mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If argu-
ments are specified, local filenames are mapped during mget commands and get commands
issued without a specified local target filename. This command is useful when connecting
to a non-UNIX remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. The
mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern and outpattern. [Inpattern] is a template for
incoming filenames (which may have already been processed according to the ntrans and case
settings). Variable templating is accomplished by including the sequences `$1', `$2', ...,
`$9' in inpattern. Use `\' to prevent this special treatment of the `$' character. All
other characters are treated literally, and are used to determine the nmap [inpattern]
variable values. For example, given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name
"mydata.data", $1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value "data". The
outpattern determines the resulting mapped filename. The sequences `$1', `$2', ...., `$9'
are replaced by any value resulting from the inpattern template. The sequence `$0' is
replace by the original filename. Additionally, the sequence `[seq1, seq2]' is replaced by
[seq1] if seq1 is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by seq2. For example, the
command
nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file]
would yield the output filename "myfile.data" for input filenames "myfile.data" and
"myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input filename "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for
the input filename ".myfile". Spaces may be included in outpattern, as in the example:
`nmap $1 sed "s/ *$//" > $1' . Use the `\' character to prevent special treatment of the
`$','[',']', and `,' characters.
ntrans [inchars [outchars]]
Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism. If no arguments are specified,
the filename character translation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, charac-
ters in remote filenames are translated during mput commands and put commands issued with-
out a specified remote target filename. If arguments are specified, characters in local
filenames are translated during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified
local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX remote com-
puter with different file naming conventions or practices. Characters in a filename match-
ing a character in inchars are replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If
the character's position in inchars is longer than the length of outchars, the character is
deleted from the file name.
open host [port]
Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An optional port number may be
supplied, in which case, ftp will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the
set auto-login option is on (default), ftp will also attempt to automatically log the user
in to the FTP server (see below).
page file Retrieve file and display with the program specified by the set pager option.
passive [auto]
Toggle passive mode (if no arguments are given). If auto is given, act as if FTPMODE is
set to `auto'. If passive mode is turned on (default), ftp will send a PASV command for
all data connections instead of a PORT command. The PASV command requests that the remote
server open a port for the data connection and return the address of that port. The remote
server listens on that port and the client connects to it. When using the more traditional
PORT command, the client listens on a port and sends that address to the remote server, who
connects back to it. Passive mode is useful when using ftp through a gateway router or
host that controls the directionality of traffic. (Note that though FTP servers are
required to support the PASV command by RFC 1123, some do not.)
pdir [remote-path]
Perform dir [remote-path], and display the result with the program specified by the set
pager option.
pls [remote-path]
Perform ls [remote-path], and display the result with the program specified by the set
pager option.
pmlsd [remote-path]
Perform mlsd [remote-path], and display the result with the program specified by the set
pager option.
preserve Toggle preservation of modification times on retrieved files.
progress Toggle display of transfer progress bar. The progress bar will be disabled for a transfer
that has local-file as `-' or a command that starts with `|'. Refer to FILE NAMING
CONVENTIONS for more information. Enabling progress disables hash.
prompt Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers
to allow the user to selectively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off
(default is on), any mget or mput will transfer all files, and any mdelete will delete all
files.
When prompting is on, the following commands are available at a prompt:
a Answer `yes' to the current file, and automatically answer `yes' to any remaining
files for the current command.
n Answer `no', and do not transfer the file.
p Answer `yes' to the current file, and turn off prompt mode (as is ``prompt off''
had been given).
q Terminate the current operation.
y Answer `yes', and transfer the file.
? Display a help message.
Any other response will answer `yes' to the current file.
proxy ftp-command
Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connection. This command allows simultaneous
connection to two remote FTP servers for transferring files between the two servers. The
first proxy command should be an open, to establish the secondary control connection.
Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other FTP commands executable on the secondary connec-
tion. The following commands behave differently when prefaced by proxy: open will not
define new macros during the auto-login process, close will not erase existing macro defi-
nitions, get and mget transfer files from the host on the primary control connection to the
host on the secondary control connection, and put, mput, and append transfer files from the
host on the secondary control connection to the host on the primary control connection.
Third party file transfers depend upon support of the FTP protocol PASV command by the
server on the secondary control connection.
put local-file [remote-file]
Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local
file name is used after processing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the
remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and
structure.
pwd Print the name of the current working directory on the remote machine.
quit A synonym for bye.
quote arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server.
rate direction [maximum [increment]]
Throttle the maximum transfer rate to maximum bytes/second. If maximum is 0, disable the
throttle.
direction may be one of:
all Both directions.
get Incoming transfers.
put Outgoing transfers.
maximum can be modified on the fly by increment bytes (default: 1024) each time a given
signal is received:
SIGUSR1 Increment maximum by increment bytes.
SIGUSR2 Decrement maximum by increment bytes. The result must be a positive number.
If maximum is not supplied, the current throttle rates are displayed.
Note: rate is not yet implemented for ascii mode transfers.
rcvbuf size
Set the size of the socket receive buffer to size.
recv remote-file [local-file]
A synonym for get.
reget remote-file [local-file]
reget acts like get, except that if local-file exists and is smaller than remote-file,
local-file is presumed to be a partially transferred copy of remote-file and the transfer
is continued from the apparent point of failure. This command is useful when transferring
very large files over networks that are prone to dropping connections.
remopts command [command-options]
Set options on the remote FTP server for command to command-options (whose absence is han-
dled on a command-specific basis). Remote FTP commands known to support options include:
`MLST' (used for MLSD and MLST).
rename [from [to]]
Rename the file from on the remote machine, to the file to.
reset Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote
FTP server. Resynchronization may be necessary following a violation of the FTP protocol
by the remote server.
restart marker
Restart the immediately following get or put at the indicated marker. On UNIX systems,
marker is usually a byte offset into the file.
rhelp [command-name]
Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name is specified it is supplied to
the server as well.
rmdir directory-name
Delete a directory on the remote machine.
rstatus [remote-file]
With no arguments, show status of remote machine. If remote-file is specified, show status
of remote-file on remote machine.
runique Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames. If a file already
exists with a name equal to the target local filename for a get or mget command, a ".1" is
appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a ".2" is
appended to the original name. If this process continues up to ".99", an error message is
printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique filename will be
reported. Note that runique will not affect local files generated from a shell command
(see below). The default value is off.
send local-file [remote-file]
A synonym for put.
sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp will attempt to use a PORT command when
establishing a connection for each data transfer. The use of PORT commands can prevent
delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, ftp will use
the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made
to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for certain FTP implementa-
tions which do ignore PORT commands but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted.
set [option value]
Set option to value. If option and value are not given, display all of the options and
their values. The currently supported options are:
anonpass Defaults to $FTPANONPASS
ftp_proxy Defaults to $ftp_proxy.
http_proxy Defaults to $http_proxy.
no_proxy Defaults to $no_proxy.
pager Defaults to $PAGER.
prompt Defaults to $FTPPROMPT.
rprompt Defaults to $FTPRPROMPT.
site arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server as a SITE command.
size remote-file
Return size of remote-file on remote machine.
sndbuf size
Set the size of the socket send buffer to size.
status Show the current status of ftp.
struct struct-name
Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. The default (and only supported) structure
is ``file''.
sunique Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names. The remote FTP server
must support FTP protocol STOU command for successful completion. The remote server will
report unique name. Default value is off.
system Show the type of operating system running on the remote machine.
tenex Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines.
throttle A synonym for rate.
trace Toggle packet tracing.
type [type-name]
Set the file transfer type to type-name. If no type is specified, the current type is
printed. The default type is network ASCII.
umask [newmask]
Set the default umask on the remote server to newmask. If newmask is omitted, the current
umask is printed.
unset option
Unset option. Refer to set for more information.
usage command
Print the usage message for command.
user user-name [password [account]]
Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password is not specified and the
server requires it, ftp will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an
account field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted
for it. If an account field is specified, an account command will be relayed to the remote
server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for
logging in. Unless ftp is invoked with ``auto-login'' disabled, this process is done auto-
matically on initial connection to the FTP server.
verbose Toggle verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP server are displayed to
the user. In addition, if verbose is on, when a file transfer completes, statistics
regarding the efficiency of the transfer are reported. By default, verbose is on.
xferbuf size
Set the size of the socket send and receive buffers to size.
? [command]
A synonym for help.
Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote `"' marks.
Commands which toggle settings can take an explicit on or off argument to force the setting appropri-
ately.
Commands which take a byte count as an argument (e.g., hash, rate, and xferbuf) support an optional
suffix on the argument which changes the interpretation of the argument. Supported suffixes are:
b Causes no modification. (Optional)
k Kilo; multiply the argument by 1024
m Mega; multiply the argument by 1048576
g Giga; multiply the argument by 1073741824
If ftp receives a SIGINFO (see the ``status'' argument of stty(1)) or SIGQUIT signal whilst a transfer
is in progress, the current transfer rate statistics will be written to the standard error output, in
the same format as the standard completion message.
AUTO-FETCHING FILES
In addition to standard commands, this version of ftp supports an auto-fetch feature. To enable auto-
fetch, simply pass the list of hostnames/files on the command line.
The following formats are valid syntax for an auto-fetch element:
[user@]host:[path][/]
``Classic'' FTP format.
If path contains a glob character and globbing is enabled, (see glob), then the equivalent of
`mget path' is performed.
If the directory component of path contains no globbing characters, it is stored locally with the
name basename (see basename(1)) of path, in the current directory. Otherwise, the full remote
name is used as the local name, relative to the local root directory.
ftp://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/path[/][;type=X]
An FTP URL, retrieved using the FTP protocol if set ftp_proxy isn't defined. Otherwise, transfer
the URL using HTTP via the proxy defined in set ftp_proxy. If set ftp_proxy isn't defined and
user is given, login as user. In this case, use password if supplied, otherwise prompt the user
for one.
If a suffix of `;type=A' or `;type=I' is supplied, then the transfer type will take place as
ascii or binary (respectively). The default transfer type is binary.
In order to be compliant with RFC 1738, ftp interprets the path part of an ``ftp://'' auto-fetch
URL as follows:
oo The `/' immediately after the host[:port] is interpreted as a separator before the path, and
not as part of the path itself.
oo The path is interpreted as a `/'-separated list of name components. For all but the last
such component, ftp performs the equivalent of a cd command. For the last path component,
ftp performs the equivalent of a get command.
oo Empty name components, which result from `//' within the path, or from an extra `/' at the
beginning of the path, will cause the equivalent of a cd command without a directory name.
This is unlikely to be useful.
oo Any `%XX' codes (per RFC 1738) within the path components are decoded, with XX representing a
character code in hexadecimal. This decoding takes place after the path has been split into
components, but before each component is used in the equivalent of a cd or get command. Some
often-used codes are `%2F' (which represents `/') and `%7E' (which represents `~').
The above interpretation has the following consequences:
oo The path is interpreted relative to the default login directory of the specified user or of
the `anonymous' user. If the / directory is required, use a leading path of ``%2F''. If a
user's home directory is required (and the remote server supports the syntax), use a leading
path of ``%7Euser/''. For example, to retrieve /etc/motd from `localhost' as the user
`myname' with the password `mypass', use ``ftp://myname:mypass@localhost/%2fetc/motd''
oo The exact cd and get commands can be controlled by careful choice of where to use `/' and
where to use `%2F' (or `%2f'). For example, the following URLs correspond to the equivalents
of the indicated commands:
ftp://host/dir1/dir2/file ``cd dir1'', ``cd dir2'', ``get file''.
ftp://host/%2Fdir1/dir2/file ``cd /dir1'', ``cd dir2'', ``get file''.
ftp://host/dir1%2Fdir2/file ``cd dir1/dir2'', ``get file''.
ftp://host/%2Fdir1%2Fdir2/file ``cd /dir1/dir2'', ``get file''.
ftp://host/dir1%2Fdir2%2Ffile ``get dir1/dir2/file''.
ftp://host/%2Fdir1%2Fdir2%2Ffile ``get /dir1/dir2/file''.
oo You must have appropriate access permission for each of the intermediate directories that is
used in the equivalent of a cd command.
http://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/path
An HTTP URL, retrieved using the HTTP protocol. If set http_proxy is defined, it is used as a
URL to an HTTP proxy server. If HTTP authorization is required to retrieve path, and `user' (and
optionally `password') is in the URL, use them for the first attempt to authenticate.
file:///path
A local URL, copied from /path on the local host.
Unless noted otherwise above, and -o output is not given, the file is stored in the current directory
as the basename(1) of path. Note that if a HTTP redirect is received, the fetch is retried using the
new target URL supplied by the server, with a corresponding new path. Using an explicit -o output is
recommended, to avoid writing to unexpected file names.
If a classic format or an FTP URL format has a trailing `/' or an empty path component, then ftp will
connect to the site and cd to the directory given as the path, and leave the user in interactive mode
ready for further input. This will not work if set ftp_proxy is being used.
Direct HTTP transfers use HTTP 1.1. Proxied FTP and HTTP transfers use HTTP 1.0.
If -R is given, all auto-fetches that don't go via the FTP or HTTP proxies will be restarted. For FTP,
this is implemented by using reget instead of get. For HTTP, this is implemented by using the `Range:
bytes=' HTTP/1.1 directive.
If WWW or proxy WWW authentication is required, you will be prompted to enter a username and password
to authenticate with.
When specifying IPv6 numeric addresses in a URL, you need to surround the address in square brackets.
E.g.: ``ftp://[::1]:21/''. This is because colons are used in IPv6 numeric address as well as being
the separator for the port number.
ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER
To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually Ctrl-C). Sending transfers will be
immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending an FTP protocol ABOR command to the
remote server, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished
depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR processing. If the remote server does not support
the ABOR command, the prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the
requested file.
If the terminal interrupt key sequence is used whilst ftp is awaiting a reply from the remote server
for the ABOR processing, then the connection will be closed. This is different from the traditional
behaviour (which ignores the terminal interrupt during this phase), but is considered more useful.
FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
Files specified as arguments to ftp commands are processed according to the following rules.
1. If the file name `-' is specified, the stdin (for reading) or stdout (for writing) is used.
2. If the first character of the file name is `|', the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a
shell command. ftp then forks a shell, using popen(3) with the argument supplied, and reads
(writes) from the stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argument must be
quoted; e.g. ``"| ls -lt"''. A particularly useful example of this mechanism is: ``dir ""
|more''.
3. Failing the above checks, if ``globbing'' is enabled, local file names are expanded according to
the rules used in the csh(1); c.f. the glob command. If the ftp command expects a single local
file (e.g. put), only the first filename generated by the "globbing" operation is used.
4. For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is the
remote filename, which may be altered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting filename
may then be altered if runique is on.
5. For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote filename is the
local filename, which may be altered by a ntrans or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then
be altered by the remote server if sunique is on.
FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS
The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may affect a file transfer. The type may be one
of ``ascii'', ``image'' (binary), ``ebcdic'', and ``local byte size'' (for PDP-10's and PDP-20's
mostly). ftp supports the ascii and image types of file transfer, plus local byte size 8 for tenex
mode transfers.
ftp supports only the default values for the remaining file transfer parameters: mode, form, and
struct.
THE .netrc FILE
The .netrc file contains login and initialization information used by the auto-login process. It
resides in the user's home directory, unless overridden with the -N netrc option, or specified in the
NETRC environment variable. The following tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces,
tabs, or new-lines:
machine name
Identify a remote machine name. The auto-login process searches the .netrc file for a
machine token that matches the remote machine specified on the ftp command line or as an open
command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .netrc tokens are processed, stopping
when the end of file is reached or another machine or a default token is encountered.
default This is the same as machine name except that default matches any name. There can be only one
default token, and it must be after all machine tokens. This is normally used as:
default login anonymous password user@site
thereby giving the user an automatic anonymous FTP login to machines not specified in .netrc.
This can be overridden by using the -n flag to disable auto-login.
login name
Identify a user on the remote machine. If this token is present, the auto-login process will
initiate a login using the specified name.
password string
Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the speci-
fied string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. Note that
if this token is present in the .netrc file for any user other than anonymous, ftp will abort
the auto-login process if the .netrc is readable by anyone besides the user.
account string
Supply an additional account password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will
supply the specified string if the remote server requires an additional account password, or
the auto-login process will initiate an ACCT command if it does not.
macdef name
Define a macro. This token functions like the ftp macdef command functions. A macro is
defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next .netrc line and continue
until a blank line (consecutive new-line characters) is encountered. If a macro named init
is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process. For
example,
default
macdef init
epsv4 off
followed by a blank line.
COMMAND LINE EDITING
ftp supports interactive command line editing, via the editline(3) library. It is enabled with the
edit command, and is enabled by default if input is from a tty. Previous lines can be recalled and
edited with the arrow keys, and other GNU Emacs-style editing keys may be used as well.
The editline(3) library is configured with a .editrc file - refer to editrc(5) for more information.
An extra key binding is available to ftp to provide context sensitive command and filename completion
(including remote file completion). To use this, bind a key to the editline(3) command ftp-complete.
By default, this is bound to the TAB key.
COMMAND LINE PROMPT
By default, ftp displays a command line prompt of ``ftp> '' to the user. This can be changed with the
set prompt command.
A prompt can be displayed on the right side of the screen (after the command input) with the set
rprompt command.
The following formatting sequences are replaced by the given information:
%/ The current remote working directory.
%c[[0]n],%.[[0]n]
The trailing component of the current remote working directory, or n trailing components if
a digit n is given. If n begins with `0', the number of skipped components precede the
trailing component(s) in the format ``/<number>trailing'' (for `%c') or ``...trailing'' (for
`%.').
%M The remote host name.
%m The remote host name, up to the first `.'.
%n The remote user name.
%% A single `%'.
ENVIRONMENT
ftp uses the following environment variables.
FTPANONPASS Password to send in an anonymous FTP transfer. Defaults to ```whoami`@''.
FTPMODE Overrides the default operation mode. Support values are:
active active mode FTP only
auto automatic determination of passive or active (this is the default)
gate gate-ftp mode
passive passive mode FTP only
FTPPROMPT Command-line prompt to use. Defaults to ``ftp> ''. Refer to COMMAND LINE PROMPT for
more information.
FTPRPROMPT Command-line right side prompt to use. Defaults to ``''. Refer to COMMAND LINE PROMPT
for more information.
FTPSERVER Host to use as gate-ftp server when gate is enabled.
FTPSERVERPORT Port to use when connecting to gate-ftp server when gate is enabled. Default is port
returned by a getservbyname() lookup of ``ftpgate/tcp''.
FTPUSERAGENT The value to send for the HTTP User-Agent header.
HOME For default location of a .netrc file, if one exists.
NETRC An alternate location of the .netrc file.
PAGER Used by various commands to display files. Defaults to more(1) if empty or not set.
SHELL For default shell.
ftp_proxy URL of FTP proxy to use when making FTP URL requests (if not defined, use the standard
FTP protocol).
See http_proxy for further notes about proxy use.
http_proxy URL of HTTP proxy to use when making HTTP URL requests. If proxy authentication is
required and there is a username and password in this URL, they will automatically be
used in the first attempt to authenticate to the proxy.
If ``unsafe'' URL characters are required in the username or password (for example `@'
or `/'), encode them with RFC 1738 `%XX' encoding.
Note that the use of a username and password in ftp_proxy and http_proxy may be incom-
patible with other programs that use it (such as lynx(1)).
NOTE: this is not used for interactive sessions, only for command-line fetches.
no_proxy A space or comma separated list of hosts (or domains) for which proxying is not to be
used. Each entry may have an optional trailing ":port", which restricts the matching to
connections to that port.
EXTENDED PASSIVE MODE AND FIREWALLS
Some firewall configurations do not allow ftp to use extended passive mode. If you find that even a
simple ls appears to hang after printing a message such as this:
229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||58551|)
then you will need to disable extended passive mode with epsv4 off. See the above section The .netrc
File for an example of how to make this automatic.
SEE ALSO
getservbyname(3), editrc(5), services(5), ftpd(8)
STANDARDS
ftp attempts to be compliant with RFC 959, RFC 1123, RFC 1738, RFC 2068, RFC 2389, RFC 2428, RFC 2732,
and draft-ietf-ftpext-mlst-11.
HISTORY
The ftp command appeared in 4.2BSD.
Various features such as command line editing, context sensitive command and file completion, dynamic
progress bar, automatic fetching of files and URLs, modification time preservation, transfer rate
throttling, configurable command line prompt, and other enhancements over the standard BSD ftp were
implemented in NetBSD 1.3 and later releases by Luke Mewburn <lukem@NetBSD.org>.
IPv6 support was added by the WIDE/KAME project (but may not be present in all non-NetBSD versions of
this program, depending if the operating system supports IPv6 in a similar manner to KAME).
BUGS
Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server.
An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2BSD ascii-mode transfer code has been cor-
rected. This correction may result in incorrect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2BSD servers
using the ascii type. Avoid this problem by using the binary image type.
ftp assumes that all IPv4 mapped addresses (IPv6 addresses with a form like ::ffff:10.1.1.1) indicate
IPv4 destinations which can be handled by AF_INET sockets. However, in certain IPv6 network configura-
tions, this assumption is not true. In such an environment, IPv4 mapped addresses must be passed to
AF_INET6 sockets directly. For example, if your site uses a SIIT translator for IPv6-to-IPv4 transla-
tion, ftp is unable to support your configuration.
BSD January 15, 2005 BSD
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