PERLAPI(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLAPI(1)
NAME
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
DESCRIPTION
This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by embed.pl, specifically a
listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension writers. The inter-faces interfaces
faces of any functions that are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this rea-son, reason,
son, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing extensions.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the "PL_" prefix. Some macros are
provided for compatibility with the older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a
future release.
The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
"Gimme" Values
GIMME A backward-compatible version of "GIMME_V" which can only return "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY"; in
a void context, it returns "G_SCALAR". Deprecated. Use "GIMME_V" instead.
U32 GIMME
GIMME_V The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's "wantarray". Returns "G_VOID", "G_SCALAR" or
"G_ARRAY" for void, scalar or list context, respectively.
U32 GIMME_V
G_ARRAY Used to indicate list context. See "GIMME_V", "GIMME" and perlcall.
G_DISCARD
Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See perlcall.
G_EVAL Used to force a Perl "eval" wrapper around a callback. See perlcall.
G_NOARGS
Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See perlcall.
G_SCALAR
Used to indicate scalar context. See "GIMME_V", "GIMME", and perlcall.
G_VOID Used to indicate void context. See "GIMME_V" and perlcall.
Array Manipulation Functions
AvFILL Same as "av_len()". Deprecated, use "av_len()" instead.
int AvFILL(AV* av)
av_clear
Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the array itself.
void av_clear(AV* ar)
av_delete
Deletes the element indexed by "key" from the array. Returns the deleted element. If "flags"
equals "G_DISCARD", the element is freed and null is returned.
SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
av_exists
Returns true if the element indexed by "key" has been initialized.
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to &PL_sv_undef.
bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_extend
Pre-extend an array. The "key" is the index to which the array should be extended.
void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_fetch
Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The "key" is the index. If "lval" is
set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before
dereferencing it to a "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
av_fill Ensure than an array has a given number of elements, equivalent to Perl's "$#array = $fill;".
void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
av_len Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is empty.
I32 av_len(AV* ar)
av_make Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied into the array, so
they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV will have a reference count of 1.
AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
av_pop Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns &PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.
SV* av_pop(AV* ar)
av_push Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the
addition.
void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
av_shift
Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
SV* av_shift(AV* ar)
av_store
Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as "key". The return value will be
NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the
array (as in the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original
"SV*". Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of
"val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
av_undef
Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself.
void av_undef(AV* ar)
av_unshift
Unshift the given number of "undef" values onto the beginning of the array. The array will
grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You must then use "av_store" to assign val-ues values
ues to these new elements.
void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
get_av Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If "create" is set and the Perl variable does
not exist then it will be created. If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist
then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
newAV Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
AV* newAV()
sortsv Sort an array. Here is an example:
sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the sorting algorithm.
void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
Callback Functions
call_argv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
call_method
Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must be on the stack.
See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
call_pv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
call_sv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
ENTER Opening bracket on a callback. See "LEAVE" and perlcall.
ENTER;
eval_pv Tells Perl to "eval" the given string and return an SV* result.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
eval_sv Tells Perl to "eval" the string in the SV.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
FREETMPS
Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See "SAVETMPS" and perlcall.
FREETMPS;
LEAVE Closing bracket on a callback. See "ENTER" and perlcall.
LEAVE;
SAVETMPS
Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See "FREETMPS" and perlcall.
SAVETMPS;
Character classes
isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCII alphanumeric character (includ-ing (including
ing underscore) or digit.
bool isALNUM(char ch)
isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCII alphabetic character.
bool isALPHA(char ch)
isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an ASCII digit.
bool isDIGIT(char ch)
isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is a lowercase character.
bool isLOWER(char ch)
isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is whitespace.
bool isSPACE(char ch)
isUPPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char" is an uppercase character.
bool isUPPER(char ch)
toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase.
char toLOWER(char ch)
toUPPER Converts the specified character to uppercase.
char toUPPER(char ch)
Cloning an interpreter
perl_clone
Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.
perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also, without it we only clone the
data and zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is ready to
run at the exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while
the threads->new doesn't.
CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old variable as a
key and the new variable as a value, this allows it to check if something has been cloned and
not clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE
is not set then perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using the function "ptr_ta-ble_free(PL_ptr_table); "ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table);
ble_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;", reason to keep it around is if you want to dup
some of your own variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this code is in
threads.xs create
CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls win32host code
(which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on win32 if you want to run two threads at the
same time, if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter and then throw it
away and return to the original one, you don't need to do anything.
PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
CV Manipulation Functions
CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
get_cv Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If "create" is set and the Perl subroutine
does not exist then it will be declared (which has the same effect as saying "sub name;").
If "create" is not set and the subroutine does not exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
Embedding Functions
cv_undef
Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either by an explicit "undef
&foo", or by the reference count going to zero. In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE
pointer, so that any anonymous children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.
void cv_undef(CV* cv)
load_module
Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name. Note that the actual
module name, not its filename, should be given. Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm".
flags can be any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or
0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics similar to "use Foo::Bar VER-SION". VERSION".
SION". The optional trailing SV* arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's
import() method, similar to "use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST".
void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
nothreadhook
Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are no threads.
int nothreadhook()
perl_alloc
Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
perl_construct
Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_destruct
Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_free
Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_parse
Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See perlembed.
int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
perl_run
Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.
int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
require_pv
Tells Perl to "require" the file named by the string argument. It is analogous to the Perl
code "eval "require '$file'"". It's even implemented that way; consider using load_module
instead.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
void require_pv(const char* pv)
Functions in file pp_pack.c
packlist
The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
pack_cat
The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and flags are not
used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.
void pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
unpackstring
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. "unpackstring" puts the extracted list items
on the stack and returns the number of elements. Issue "PUTBACK" before and "SPAGAIN" after
the call to this function.
I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)
unpack_str
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are
not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead.
I32 unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
Global Variables
PL_modglobal
"PL_modglobal" is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by extensions that need to
keep information on a per-interpreter basis. In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol ta-ble table
ble for extensions to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys prefixed by
the package name of the extension that owns the data.
HV* PL_modglobal
PL_na A convenience variable which is typically used with "SvPV" when one doesn't care about the
length of the string. It is usually more efficient to either declare a local variable and
use that instead or to use the "SvPV_nolen" macro.
STRLEN PL_na
PL_sv_no
This is the "false" SV. See "PL_sv_yes". Always refer to this as &PL_sv_no.
SV PL_sv_no
PL_sv_undef
This is the "undef" SV. Always refer to this as &PL_sv_undef.
SV PL_sv_undef
PL_sv_yes
This is the "true" SV. See "PL_sv_no". Always refer to this as &PL_sv_yes.
SV PL_sv_yes
GV Functions
GvSV Return the SV from the GV.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
gv_fetchmeth
Returns the glob with the given "name" and a defined subroutine or "NULL". The glob lives in
the given "stash", or in the stashes accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If "level==0", as a side-effect creates a
glob with the given "name" in the given "stash" which in the case of success contains an
alias for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the
searched stashes.
This function grants "SUPER" token as a postfix of the stash name. The GV returned from
"gv_fetchmeth" may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to Perl code. So when call-ing calling
ing "call_sv", you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV,
which can be obtained from the GV with the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_fetchmethod
See gv_fetchmethod_autoload.
GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
gv_fetchmethod_autoload
Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method on the "stash".
In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the
corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
The third parameter of "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is per-formed performed
formed if the given method is not present: non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means
no, don't look for AUTOLOAD. Calling "gv_fetchmethod" is equivalent to calling "gv_fetch-method_autoload" "gv_fetchmethod_autoload"
method_autoload" with a non-zero "autoload" parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of the method name. Note that if you want to
keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at
the later time the call may load a different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value.
Use the glob created via a side effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects and as "gv_fetchmeth" with "level==0". "name"
should be writable if contains ':' or "' ''". The warning against passing the GV returned by
"gv_fetchmeth" to "call_sv" apply equally to these functions.
GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
gv_fetchmeth_autoload
Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too. Returns a glob for the
subroutine.
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even if "level < 0". For an
autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV() of the result may be zero.
GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_stashpv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. "name" should be a valid UTF-8
string and must be null-terminated. If "create" is set then the package will be created if
it does not already exist. If "create" is not set and the package does not exist then NULL
is returned.
HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
gv_stashpvn
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. "name" should be a valid UTF-8
string. The "namelen" parameter indicates the length of the "name", in bytes. If "create"
is set then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If "create" is not set
and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
gv_stashsv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a valid UTF-8 string.
See "gv_stashpv".
HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
Handy Values
Nullav Null AV pointer.
Nullch Null character pointer.
Nullcv Null CV pointer.
Nullhv Null HV pointer.
Nullsv Null SV pointer.
Hash Manipulation Functions
get_hv Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If "create" is set and the Perl variable does not
exist then it will be created. If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist then
NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
HEf_SVKEY
This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures, specifies the struc-
ture contains an "SV*" pointer where a "char*" pointer is to be expected. (For information
only--not to be used).
HeHASH Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
HeKEY Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The pointer may be
either "char*" or "SV*", depending on the value of "HeKLEN()". Can be assigned to. The
"HePV()" or "HeSVKEY()" macros are usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
HeKLEN If this is negative, and amounts to "HEf_SVKEY", it indicates the entry holds an "SV*" key.
Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" macro is
usually preferable for finding key lengths.
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
HePV Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a "char*" value, doing any necessary dereferencing
of possibly "SV*" keys. The length of the string is placed in "len" (this is a macro, so do
not use &len). If you do not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the
global variable "PL_na", though this is rather less efficient than using a local variable.
Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain embedded nulls, so using
"strlen()" or similar is not a good way to find the length of hash keys. This is very similar
to the "SvPV()" macro described elsewhere in this document.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
HeSVKEY Returns the key as an "SV*", or "Nullsv" if the hash entry does not contain an "SV*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_force
Returns the key as an "SV*". Will create and return a temporary mortal "SV*" if the hash
entry contains only a "char*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_set
Sets the key to a given "SV*", taking care to set the appropriate flags to indicate the pres-ence presence
ence of an "SV*" key, and returns the same "SV*".
SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
HeVAL Returns the value slot (type "SV*") stored in the hash entry.
SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
HvNAME Returns the package name of a stash. See "SvSTASH", "CvSTASH".
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
hv_clear
Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hv_clear(HV* tb)
hv_clear_placeholders
Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has any of its keys marked as
readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not actually deleted but is marked
by assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags it so it will be ignored by future
operations such as iterating over the hash, but will still allow the hash to have a value
reassigned to the key at some future point. This function clears any such placeholder keys
from the hash. See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
hv_delete
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to
the caller. The "klen" is the length of the key. The "flags" value will normally be zero;
if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.
SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
hv_delete_ent
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to
the caller. The "flags" value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be
returned. "hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
hv_exists
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The "klen" is the length
of the key.
bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
hv_exists_ent
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. "hash" can be a valid
precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
hv_fetch
Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The "klen" is the length
of the key. If "lval" is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return
value is non-null before dereferencing it to an "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
hv_fetch_ent
Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. "hash" must be a
valid precomputed hash number for the given "key", or 0 if you want the function to compute
it. IF "lval" is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is
non-null before accessing it. The return value when "tb" is a tied hash is a pointer to a
static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to store it some-where. somewhere.
where.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
hv_iterinit
Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of keys in the hash
(i.e. the same as "HvKEYS(tb)"). The return value is currently only meaningful for hashes
without tie magic.
NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, "hv_iterinit" used to return the number of hash buckets that
happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric value, you can get it through the macro
"HvFILL(tb)".
I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
hv_iterkey
Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit".
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
hv_iterkeysv
Returns the key as an "SV*" from the current position of the hash iterator. The return value
will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also see "hv_iterinit".
SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
hv_iternext
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit".
You may call "hv_delete" or "hv_delete_ent" on the hash entry that the iterator currently
points to, without losing your place or invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case
the current entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator holding the last reference to
it. Your iterator is flagged to free the entry on the next call to "hv_iternext", so you
must not discard your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call "hv_iternext" to
trigger the resource deallocation.
HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
hv_iternextsv
Performs an "hv_iternext", "hv_iterkey", and "hv_iterval" in one operation.
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
hv_iternext_flags
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit" and "hv_iternext". The "flags"
value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders keys
(for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to normal keys. By default placeholders
are automatically skipped over. Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
&Perl_sv_placeholder. Note that the implementation of placeholders and restricted hashes may
change, and the implementation currently is insufficiently abstracted for any change to be
tidy.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
hv_iterval
Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See "hv_iterkey".
SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
hv_magic
Adds magic to a hash. See "sv_magic".
void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
hv_scalar
Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result. Handles magic when the hash is
tied.
SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
hv_store
Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as "key" and "klen" is the length of the
key. The "hash" parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will com-pute compute
pute it. The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need
to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be
dereferenced to get the original "SV*". Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call, and decrementing it if the func-tion function
tion returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to
"val". This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if
all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only refer-ence reference
ence to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. hv_store
is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key,
so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to
hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_store_ent
Stores "val" in a hash. The hash key is specified as "key". The "hash" parameter is the
precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value is the new
hash entry so created. It will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need
to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the con-tents contents
tents of the return value can be accessed using the "He?" macros described here. Note that
the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the
call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful
hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to "val". This is usually what you want; a
newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then
store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code
doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the "key";
unlike "val" it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct reference count on
"key" is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store is not implemented as a call to
hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not
already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in perlguts for more information on
how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_undef
Undefines the hash.
void hv_undef(HV* tb)
newHV Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
HV* newHV()
Magical Functions
mg_clear
Clear something magical that the SV represents. See "sv_magic".
int mg_clear(SV* sv)
mg_copy Copies the magic from one SV to another. See "sv_magic".
int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
mg_find Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See "sv_magic".
MAGIC* mg_find(SV* sv, int type)
mg_free Free any magic storage used by the SV. See "sv_magic".
int mg_free(SV* sv)
mg_get Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See "sv_magic".
int mg_get(SV* sv)
mg_length
Report on the SV's length. See "sv_magic".
U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
mg_magical
Turns on the magical status of an SV. See "sv_magic".
void mg_magical(SV* sv)
mg_set Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See "sv_magic".
int mg_set(SV* sv)
SvGETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_get" on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than
once.
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvLOCK Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module has been
loaded.
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
SvSETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_set" on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than
once.
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvSetMagicSV
Like "SvSetSV", but does any set magic required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
Like "SvSetSV_nosteal", but does any set magic required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV Calls "sv_setsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV_nosteal
Calls a non-destructive version of "sv_setsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate
arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSHARE Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module has been loaded.
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
SvUNLOCK
Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module has been loaded.
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
Memory Management
Copy The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memcpy" function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is
the destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and "type" is the type. May fail on over-lapping overlapping
lapping copies. See also "Move".
void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
CopyD Like "Copy" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Move The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memmove" function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is
the destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and "type" is the type. Can do overlapping
moves. See also "Copy".
void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
MoveD Like "Move" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Newx The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function.
void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Newxc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function, with cast.
void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Newxz The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc" function. The allocated memory is zeroed with
"memzero".
In 5.9.3, we removed the 1st parameter, a debug aid, from the api. It was used to uniquely
identify each usage of these allocation functions, but was deemed unnecessary with the avail-ability availability
ability of better memory tracking tools, valgrind for example.
void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Poison Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and over again) that hopefully catches attempts
to access uninitialized memory.
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Renew The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" function.
void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Renewc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc" function, with cast.
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Safefree
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "free" function.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
savepv Perl's version of "strdup()". Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a dupli-cate duplicate
cate of "pv". The size of the string is determined by "strlen()". The memory allocated for
the new string can be freed with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepv(const char* pv)
savepvn Perl's version of what "strndup()" would be if it existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allo-cated allocated
cated string which is a duplicate of the first "len" bytes from "pv". The memory allocated
for the new string can be freed with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
savesharedpv
A version of "savepv()" which allocates the duplicate string in memory which is shared
between threads.
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
savesvpv
A version of "savepv()"/"savepvn()" which gets the string to duplicate from the passed in SV
using "SvPV()"
char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
StructCopy
This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.
void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
Zero The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memzero" function. The "dest" is the destination,
"nitems" is the number of items, and "type" is the type.
void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
ZeroD Like "Zero" but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Miscellaneous Functions
fbm_compile
Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr() -- the Boyer-Moore
algorithm.
void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
fbm_instr
Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by "str" and "strend". It returns
"Nullch" if the string can't be found. The "sv" does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the
search will not be as fast then.
char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
form Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional (non-SV) arguments and returns the for-matted formatted
matted string.
(char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you must explicitly
copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you are done).
char* form(const char* pat, ...)
getcwd_sv
Fill the sv with current working directory
int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
strEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
strGE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is greater than or equal to the second, "s2".
Returns true or false.
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
strGT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is greater than the second, "s2". Returns true
or false.
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
strLE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less than or equal to the second, "s2".
Returns true or false.
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
strLT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is less than the second, "s2". Returns true or
false.
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
strNE Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or false.
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
strnEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. The "len" parameter indicates the number of bytes
to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
strnNE Test two strings to see if they are different. The "len" parameter indicates the number of
bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
sv_nolocking
Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid
test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
void sv_nolocking(SV *)
sv_nosharing
Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing module present. Exists to avoid
test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
void sv_nosharing(SV *)
sv_nounlocking
Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid
test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
void sv_nounlocking(SV *)
Numeric functions
grok_bin
converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result
should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an
invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the
scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing
is written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_bin" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PRE-FIX" "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX"
FIX" is set in *flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the
binary number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
UV grok_bin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_hex
converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result
should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an
invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the
scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is
written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_hex" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX"
is set in *flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the hex
number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
UV grok_hex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_number
Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned (0 if unrecognised), other-wise otherwise
wise it is a bit-ORed combination of IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUM-BER_NOT_INT, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
BER_NOT_INT, IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h).
If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will never be set unless *val-uep *valuep
uep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to during processing even though IS_NUM-BER_IN_UV IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
BER_IN_UV is not set on return. If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same
cases as when valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were seen (in which
case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number
is negative (in which case *valuep holds the absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if
e notation was used or the number is larger than a UV.
int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
grok_numeric_radix
Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
grok_oct
converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result
should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first
invalid character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in *flags, encountering an
invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the
scanned string, and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is
written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_oct" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the octal number may use '_' charac-ters characters
ters to separate digits.
UV grok_oct(char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
scan_bin
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_bin" instead.
NV scan_bin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_hex
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_hex" instead.
NV scan_hex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_oct
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_oct" instead.
NV scan_oct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
Optree Manipulation Functions
cv_const_sv
If "cv" is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant value returned by the
sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or as described in "Constant Functions" in
perlsub.
SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
newCONSTSUB
Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl "sub FOO () { 123 }" which is eligible for inlining
at compile-time.
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)
newXS Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Pad Data Structures
pad_sv Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this
function directly.
SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
Stack Manipulation Macros
dMARK Declare a stack marker variable, "mark", for the XSUB. See "MARK" and "dORIGMARK".
dMARK;
dORIGMARK
Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See "ORIGMARK".
dORIGMARK;
dSP Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via the "SP" macro.
See "SP".
dSP;
EXTEND Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once used, guarantees that
there is room for at least "nitems" to be pushed onto the stack.
void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
MARK Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See "dMARK".
mPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHi", "mXPUSHi" and "XPUSHi".
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
mPUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHn", "mXPUSHn" and "XPUSHn".
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
mPUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. The "len" indi-cates indicates
cates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHp", "mXPUSHp" and "XPUSHp".
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles
'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHu", "mXPUSHu" and "XPUSHu".
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
mXPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHi", "mPUSHi" and "PUSHi".
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
mXPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHn", "mPUSHn" and "PUSHn".
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
mXPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHp",
"mPUSHp" and "PUSHp".
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mXPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHu", "mPUSHu" and "PUSHu".
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
ORIGMARK
The original stack mark for the XSUB. See "dORIGMARK".
POPi Pops an integer off the stack.
IV POPi
POPl Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl
POPn Pops a double off the stack.
NV POPn
POPp Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should use POPpx.
char* POPp
POPpbytex
Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256.
char* POPpbytex
POPpx Pops a string off the stack.
char* POPpx
POPs Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs
PUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call
multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHi" instead. See also
"XPUSHi" and "mXPUSHi".
void PUSHi(IV iv)
PUSHMARK
Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See "PUTBACK" and perlcall.
void PUSHMARK(SP)
PUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Does not
handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHs", "XPUSHmortal" and "XPUSHs".
void PUSHmortal()
PUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set'
magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call
multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHn" instead. See also
"XPUSHn" and "mXPUSHn".
void PUSHn(NV nv)
PUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. The "len" indi-
cates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG"
should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists
from XSUB's - see "mPUSHp" instead. See also "XPUSHp" and "mXPUSHp".
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
PUSHs Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Does not handle 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHmortal", "XPUSHs" and "XPUSHmortal".
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
PUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles
'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not
call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mPUSHu" instead. See
also "XPUSHu" and "mXPUSHu".
void PUSHu(UV uv)
PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by "xsubpp". See "PUSHMARK" and
perlcall for other uses.
PUTBACK;
SP Stack pointer. This is usually handled by "xsubpp". See "dSP" and "SPAGAIN".
SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See perlcall.
SPAGAIN;
XPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHi" instead. See also "PUSHi"
and "mPUSHi".
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
XPUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHs", "PUSHmortal" and "PUSHs".
void XPUSHmortal()
XPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHn" instead. See also "PUSHn"
and "mPUSHn".
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
XPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be
called to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mXPUSHp" instead. See also "PUSHp" and "mPUSHp".
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
XPUSHs Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic.
Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHmortal", "PUSHs" and "PUSHmortal".
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
XPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set'
magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call
multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHu" instead. See
also "PUSHu" and "mPUSHu".
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
XSRETURN
Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually handled by
"xsubpp".
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
XSRETURN_EMPTY
Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
XSRETURN_IV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mIV".
void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
XSRETURN_NO
Return &PL_sv_no from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mNO".
XSRETURN_NO;
XSRETURN_NV
Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mNV".
void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
XSRETURN_PV
Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mPV".
void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
XSRETURN_UNDEF
Return &PL_sv_undef from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mUNDEF".
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
XSRETURN_UV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mUV".
void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
XSRETURN_YES
Return &PL_sv_yes from an XSUB immediately. Uses "XST_mYES".
XSRETURN_YES;
XST_mIV Place an integer into the specified position "pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a
new mortal SV.
void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
XST_mNO Place &PL_sv_no into the specified position "pos" on the stack.
void XST_mNO(int pos)
XST_mNV Place a double into the specified position "pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a new
mortal SV.
void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
XST_mPV Place a copy of a string into the specified position "pos" on the stack. The value is stored
in a new mortal SV.
void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
XST_mUNDEF
Place &PL_sv_undef into the specified position "pos" on the stack.
void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
XST_mYES
Place &PL_sv_yes into the specified position "pos" on the stack.
void XST_mYES(int pos)
SV Flags
svtype An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file sv.h in the "svtype" enum.
Test these flags with the "SvTYPE" macro.
SVt_IV Integer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_NV Double type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PV Pointer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PVAV
Type flag for arrays. See "svtype".
SVt_PVCV
Type flag for code refs. See "svtype".
SVt_PVHV
Type flag for hashes. See "svtype".
SVt_PVMG
Type flag for blessed scalars. See "svtype".
SV Manipulation Functions
get_sv Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If "create" is set and the Perl variable does
not exist then it will be created. If "create" is not set and the variable does not exist
then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
looks_like_number
Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number). "Inf" and "Infinity" are
treated as numbers (so will not issue a non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't
grok them.
I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
newRV_inc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is incremented.
SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
newRV_noinc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is not incremented.
SV* newRV_noinc(SV *sv)
NEWSV Creates a new SV. A non-zero "len" parameter indicates the number of bytes of preallocated
string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a tailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK
is not set for the SV even if string space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV
is set to 1. "id" is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify leaks).
SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
newSV Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new empty SVt_PV type SV with an initial PV
allocation of len+1. Normally accessed via the "NEWSV" macro.
SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
newSVhek
Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It will generate scalars that point to the
shared string table where possible. Returns a new (undefined) SV if the hek is NULL.
SV* newSVhek(const HEK *hek)
newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSViv(IV i)
newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it. The reference count for the SV
is set to 1.
SV* newSVnv(NV n)
newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
If "len" is zero, Perl will compute the length using strlen(). For efficiency, consider
using "newSVpvn" instead.
SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvf
Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like "sprintf".
SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
newSVpvn
Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
Note that if "len" is zero, Perl will create a zero length string. You are responsible for
ensuring that the source string is at least "len" bytes long. If the "s" argument is NULL
the new SV will be undefined.
SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvn_share
Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to a shared string in the string table. If the
string does not already exist in the table, it is created first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE.
The string's hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the "hash" parameter is non-zero,
that value is used; otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string ta-ble table
ble is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX_const == HeKEY and hash lookup
will avoid string compare.
SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, "rv", to point to. If "rv" is not an RV then it will be
upgraded to one. If "classname" is non-null then the new SV will be blessed in the specified
package. The new SV is returned and its reference count is 1.
SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV. (Uses "sv_setsv").
SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it. The reference count for the SV is
set to 1.
SV* newSVuv(UV u)
SvCUR Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See "SvLEN".
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
SvCUR_set
Set the current length of the string which is in the SV. See "SvCUR" and "SvIV_set".
void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvEND Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV. See "SvCUR".
Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
SvGROW Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the indicated number of bytes
(remember to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL character). Calls "sv_grow" to perform
the expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer.
bool SvIOK(SV* sv)
SvIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks the private setting.
Use "SvIOK".
bool SvIOKp(SV* sv)
SvIOK_notUV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer.
bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_off
Unsets the IV status of an SV.
void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
SvIOK_on
Tells an SV that it is an integer.
void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only
Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only_UV
Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_UV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key
scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for COW)
bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW_shared_hash
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar.
bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
SvIV Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See "SvIVx" for a version which guaran-tees guarantees
tees to evaluate sv only once.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
SvIVX Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you
are sure SvIOK is true. See also "SvIV()".
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
SvIVx Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use
the more efficient "SvIV" otherwise.
IV SvIVx(SV* sv)
SvIV_set
Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It is possible to perform the same function of
this macro with an lvalue assignment to "SvIVX". With future Perls, however, it will be more
efficient to use "SvIV_set" instead of the lvalue assignment to "SvIVX".
void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
SvLEN Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part attributable to
"SvOOK". See "SvCUR".
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
SvLEN_set
Set the actual length of the string which is in the SV. See "SvIV_set".
void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvMAGIC_set
Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
SvNIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double.
bool SvNIOK(SV* sv)
SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double. Checks the
private setting. Use "SvNIOK".
bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
SvNIOK_off
Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
bool SvNOK(SV* sv)
SvNOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the private setting.
Use "SvNOK".
bool SvNOKp(SV* sv)
SvNOK_off
Unsets the NV status of an SV.
void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a double.
void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
SvNOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.
void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
SvNV Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See "SvNVx" for a version which guarantees to
evaluate sv only once.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
SvNVX Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you
are sure SvNOK is true. See also "SvNV()".
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
SvNVx Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the
more efficient "SvNV" otherwise.
NV SvNVx(SV* sv)
SvNV_set
Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. It also tells whether the value is
defined or not.
bool SvOK(SV* sv)
SvOOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for the SvPVX. This
hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters from the beginning of a SvPV. When
SvOOK is true, then the start of the allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
bool SvOOK(SV* sv)
SvPOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
bool SvPOK(SV* sv)
SvPOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. Checks the private
setting. Use "SvPOK".
bool SvPOKp(SV* sv)
SvPOK_off
Unsets the PV status of an SV.
void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
SvPOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a string.
void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8
status.
void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only_UTF8
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status
as it was.
void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
SvPV Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not
contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified version becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get'
magic. See also "SvPVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evalu-ate evaluate
ate sv only once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to
evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVutf8
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only
once; use the more efficient "SvPVutf8" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv
only once; use the more efficient "SvPVutf8_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVX Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a string.
char* SvPVX(SV* sv)
SvPVx A version of "SvPV" which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want
force if you are going to update the "SvPVX" directly.
char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force_nomg
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want
force if you are going to update the "SvPVX" directly. Doesn't process magic.
char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_nolen
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not
contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified form becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get'
magic.
char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPV_set
Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
SvREFCNT
Returns the value of the object's reference count.
U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_dec
Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_inc
Increments the reference count of the given SV.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
SvROK Tests if the SV is an RV.
bool SvROK(SV* sv)
SvROK_off
Unsets the RV status of an SV.
void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
SvROK_on
Tells an SV that it is an RV.
void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
SvRV Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
SvRV_set
Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV.
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
SvSTASH_set
Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, STASH* val)
SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED
Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if not.
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_off
Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine, as it short-circuits some of Perl's funda-mental fundamental
mental security features. XS module authors should not use this function unless they fully
understand all the implications of unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be
done in the standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly
untainting variables.
void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_on
Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
SvTRUE Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or
undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
bool SvTRUE(SV* sv)
SvTYPE Returns the type of the SV. See "svtype".
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
SvUOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
void SvUOK(SV* sv)
SvUPGRADE
Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses "sv_upgrade" to perform the upgrade if
necessary. See "svtype".
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
SvUTF8 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data.
bool SvUTF8(SV* sv)
SvUTF8_off
Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
SvUTF8_on
Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag). Do not use
frivolously.
void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
SvUV Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See "SvUVx" for a version which
guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
SvUVX Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you
are sure SvIOK is true. See also "SvUV()".
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
SvUVx Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only
once. Use the more efficient "SvUV" otherwise.
UV SvUVx(SV* sv)
SvUV_set
Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See "SvIV_set".
void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
sv_2bool
This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by sv_true() or its macro
equivalent.
bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
sv_2cv Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if possible to set *st
and *gvp to the stash and GV associated with it.
CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
sv_2io Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a GV; or the recursive
result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol named after the PV if we're a string.
IO* sv_2io(SV* sv)
sv_2iv Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally
used via the "SvIV(sv)" and "SvIVx(sv)" macros.
IV sv_2iv(SV* sv)
sv_2mortal
Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call
to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is
turned on which means that the SV's string buffer can be "stolen" if this SV is copied. See
also "sv_newmortal" and "sv_mortalcopy".
SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
sv_2nv Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer conversion, magic etc.
Normally used via the "SvNV(sv)" and "SvNVx(sv)" macros.
NV sv_2nv(SV* sv)
sv_2pvbyte
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length.
May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvbyte_nolen
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be down-graded downgraded
graded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pvutf8
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length.
May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvutf8_nolen
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be
upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pv_flags
Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length. If flags
includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string if necessary. Normally
invoked via the "SvPV_flags" macro. "sv_2pv()" and "sv_2pv_nomg" usually end up here too.
char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_2pv_nolen
Like "sv_2pv()", but doesn't return the length too. You should usually use the macro wrapper
"SvPV_nolen(sv)" instead. char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2uv Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc.
Normally used via the "SvUV(sv)" and "SvUVx(sv)" macros.
UV sv_2uv(SV* sv)
sv_backoff
Remove any string offset. You should normally use the "SvOOK_off" macro wrapper instead.
int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
sv_bless
Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package must be desig-nated designated
nated by its stash (see "gv_stashpv()"). The reference count of the SV is unaffected.
SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
sv_catpv
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. If the SV has the
UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but
not 'set' magic. See "sv_catpv_mg".
void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_catpvf
Processes its arguments like "sprintf" and appends the formatted output to an SV. If the
appended data contains "wide" characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV
formatted with %s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get upgraded
to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See "sv_catpvf_mg". If the original SV
was UTF-8, the pattern should be valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern
should be too.
void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvf_mg
Like "sv_catpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvn
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The "len" indicates
number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should
be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See "sv_catpvn_mg".
void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_flags
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The "len" indicates
number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should
be valid UTF-8. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on "dsv" if appropriate,
else not. "sv_catpvn" and "sv_catpvn_nomg" are implemented in terms of this function.
void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
sv_catpvn_mg
Like "sv_catpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_nomg
Like "sv_catpvn" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpv_mg
Like "sv_catpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_catsv
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv"
but not "ssv". Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See "sv_catsv_mg".
void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_catsv_flags
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv"
but not "ssv". If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on the SVs if appropriate,
else not. "sv_catsv" and "sv_catsv_nomg" are implemented in terms of this function.
void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
sv_catsv_mg
Like "sv_catsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_catsv_nomg
Like "sv_catsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_chop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be
true and the "ptr" must be a pointer to somewhere inside the string buffer. The "ptr"
becomes the first character of the adjusted string. Uses the "OOK hack". Beware: after this
function returns, "ptr" and SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer refer to the same chunk of data.
void sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
sv_clear
Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body, and free the body
itself. The SV's head is not freed, although its type is set to all 1's so that it won't
inadvertently be assumed to be live during global destruction etc. This function should only
be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time you'll want to call "sv_free()" (or its macro
wrapper "SvREFCNT_dec") instead.
void sv_clear(SV* sv)
sv_cmp Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the string in "sv1"
is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in "sv2". Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware,
handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also
"sv_cmp_locale".
I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_cmp_locale
Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware,
handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also
"sv_cmp_locale". See also "sv_cmp".
I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_collxfrm
Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it.
Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the scalar data of the
variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal memory comparison can be used to
compare the data according to the locale settings.
char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
sv_copypv
Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the destination SV. Automatically
performs any necessary mg_get and coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to
preserve UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to sv_2pv[_flags] but
operates directly on an SV instead of just the string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its
work, except when that would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_dec Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Han-dles Handles
dles 'get' magic.
void sv_dec(SV* sv)
sv_derived_from
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified class. This is the
function that implements "UNIVERSAL::isa". It works for class names as well as for objects.
bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_eq Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and
'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary.
I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_force_normal
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if
we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. See also "sv_force_nor-mal_flags". "sv_force_normal_flags".
mal_flags".
void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
sv_force_normal_flags
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if
we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. The "flags" parameter gets
passed to "sv_unref_flags()" when unrefing. "sv_force_normal" calls this function with flags
set to 0.
void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
sv_free Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call "sv_clear" to invoke
destructors and free up any memory used by the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head
itself. Normally called via a wrapper macro "SvREFCNT_dec".
void sv_free(SV* sv)
sv_gets Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally appending to the cur-rently-stored currently-stored
rently-stored string.
char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
sv_grow Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses "sv_unref" and upgrades the SV to
"SVt_PV". Returns a pointer to the character buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper instead.
char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
sv_inc Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Han-dles Handles
dles 'get' magic.
void sv_inc(SV* sv)
sv_insert
Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr()
function.
void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
sv_isa Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified class. This does
not check for subtypes; use "sv_derived_from" to verify an inheritance relationship.
int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_isobject
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed object. If the SV
is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this will return false.
int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
sv_iv A private implementation of the "SvIVx" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
IV sv_iv(SV* sv)
sv_len Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type coercion. See also
"SvCUR", which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
sv_len_utf8
Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a sin-gle single
gle character. Handles magic and type coercion.
STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
sv_magic
Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades "sv" to type "SVt_PVMG" if necessary, then adds a new
magic item of type "how" to the head of the magic list.
See "sv_magicext" (which "sv_magic" now calls) for a description of the handling of the
"name" and "namlen" arguments.
You need to use "sv_magicext" to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and also to add more than one
instance of the same 'how'.
void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_magicext
Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the supplied vtable and returns a
pointer to the magic added.
Note that "sv_magicext" will allow things that "sv_magic" will not. In particular, you can
add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn" copy of "name" is stored, if "namlen" is
zero then "name" is stored as-is and - as another special case - if "(name && namlen ==
HEf_SVKEY)" then "name" is assumed to contain an "SV*" and is stored as-is with its REFCNT
incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "sv_magic".)
MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_mortalcopy
Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using "sv_setsv"). The new SV is marked
as mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an
implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also "sv_newmortal" and "sv_2mor-tal". "sv_2mortal".
tal".
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
sv_newmortal
Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is set to 1. It will be
destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places
such as statement boundaries. See also "sv_mortalcopy" and "sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_newmortal()
sv_newref
Increment an SV's reference count. Use the "SvREFCNT_inc()" wrapper instead.
SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
sv_nv A private implementation of the "SvNVx" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
NV sv_nv(SV* sv)
sv_pos_b2u
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the start of the string,
to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars. Handles magic and type coercion.
void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
sv_pos_u2b
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from the start of the
string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same
to lenp, but this time starting from the offset, rather than from the start of the string.
Handles magic and type coercion.
void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
sv_pv Use the "SvPV_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pv(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyte
Use "SvPVbyte_nolen" instead.
char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyten
A private implementation of the "SvPVbyte" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvbyten_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVbytex_force" macro for compilers which can't cope with
complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn A private implementation of the "SvPV" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvn_force
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private implementation of the "SvPV_force"
macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
instead.
char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn_force_flags
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on "sv" if appropriate, else not. "sv_pvn_force" and "sv_pvn_force_nomg" are imple-mented implemented
mented in terms of this function. You normally want to use the various wrapper macros
instead: see "SvPV_force" and "SvPV_force_nomg"
char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_pvutf8
Use the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
sv_pvutf8n
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvutf8n_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8_force" macro for compilers which can't cope with
complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_reftype
Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
char* sv_reftype(SV* sv, int ob)
sv_replace
Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original. The target SV physi-cally physically
cally takes over ownership of the body of the source SV and inherits its flags; however, the
target keeps any magic it owns, and any magic in the source is discarded. Note that this is
a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the time you'll want to use "sv_setsv" or
one of its many macro front-ends.
void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
sv_report_used
Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).
void sv_report_used()
sv_reset
Underlying implementation for the "reset" Perl function. Note that the perl-level function
is vaguely deprecated.
void sv_reset(char* s, HV* stash)
sv_rvweaken
Weaken a reference: set the "SvWEAKREF" flag on this RV; give the referred-to SV
"PERL_MAGIC_backref" magic if it hasn't already; and push a back-reference to this RV onto
the array of backreferences associated with that magic.
SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
sv_setiv
Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See also "sv_setiv_mg".
void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setiv_mg
Like "sv_setiv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
sv_setnv
Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See also "sv_setnv_mg".
void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
sv_setnv_mg
Like "sv_setnv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
sv_setpv
Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "sv_setpv_mg".
void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_setpvf
Works like "sv_catpvf" but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Does not
handle 'set' magic. See "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpvf_mg
Like "sv_setpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpviv
Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "sv_setpviv_mg".
void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setpviv_mg
Like "sv_setpviv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
sv_setpvn
Copies a string into an SV. The "len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to be copied.
If the "ptr" argument is NULL the SV will become undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See "sv_setpvn_mg".
void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpvn_mg
Like "sv_setpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpv_mg
Like "sv_setpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_setref_iv
Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be
upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argu-ment argument
ment indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the bless-ing. blessing.
ing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
sv_setref_nv
Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be
upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argu-ment argument
ment indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the bless-ing. blessing.
ing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
sv_setref_pv
Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be
upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. If the "pv" argument is
NULL then "PL_sv_undef" will be placed into the SV. The "classname" argument indicates the
package for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV
will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those objects will become
corrupted by the pointer copy process.
Note that "sv_setref_pvn" copies the string while this copies the pointer.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
sv_setref_pvn
Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the string must be
specified with "n". The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified
to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument indicates the package for the blessing.
Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of
1, and the RV will be returned.
Note that "sv_setref_pv" copies the pointer while this copies the string.
SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
sv_setref_uv
Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will
be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The "classname"
argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the
blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
sv_setsv
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may
be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any
previous content of the destination.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nos-teal", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
teal", "SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setsv_flags
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may
be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any
previous content of the destination. If the "flags" parameter has the "SV_GMAGIC" bit set,
will "mg_get" on "ssv" if appropriate, else not. If the "flags" parameter has the "NOSTEAL"
bit set then the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv> and "sv_setsv_nomg" are
implemented in terms of this function.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nos-teal", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
teal", "SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other copy-ish functions and
macros use this underneath.
void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
sv_setsv_mg
Like "sv_setsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_setsv_nomg
Like "sv_setsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setuv
Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle
'set' magic. See also "sv_setuv_mg".
void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
sv_setuv_mg
Like "sv_setuv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
sv_taint
Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_on" instead. void sv_taint(SV* sv)
sv_tainted
Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED" instead. bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
sv_true Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules. Use the "SvTRUE" macro instead,
which may call "sv_true()" or may instead use an in-line version.
I32 sv_true(SV *sv)
sv_unmagic
Removes all magic of type "type" from an SV.
int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
sv_unref
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being ref-erenced referenced
erenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". This is
"sv_unref_flags" with the "flag" being zero. See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref(SV* sv)
sv_unref_flags
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being ref-erenced referenced
erenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". The "cflags"
argument can contain "SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF" to force the reference count to be decremented
(otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being different from one or
the reference being a readonly SV). See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
sv_untaint
Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_off" instead. void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
sv_upgrade
Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the SV, then copies
across as much information as possible from the old body. You generally want to use the
"SvUPGRADE" macro wrapper. See also "svtype".
bool sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
sv_usepvn
Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string value. Normally the string is stored inside the
SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string. The "ptr" should point to memory
that was allocated by "malloc". The string length, "len", must be supplied. This function
will realloc the memory pointed to by "ptr", so that pointer should not be freed or used by
the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_usepvn_mg".
void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_usepvn_mg
Like "sv_usepvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_utf8_decode
If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8 and contains a multiple-byte character, the
"SvUTF8" flag is turned on so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte singlebyte
byte characters, the "SvUTF8" flag stays being off. Scans PV for validity and returns false
if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_downgrade
Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes. If the PV contains a character
beyond byte, this conversion will fail; in this case, either returns false or, if "fail_ok"
is not true, croaks.
This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface: use the Encode extension
for that.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
sv_utf8_encode
Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the "SvUTF8" flag off so that it looks like
octets again.
void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is
not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the
bytes have hibit clear.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension
for that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is
not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the
bytes have hibit clear. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on "sv" if appro-priate, appropriate,
priate, else not. "sv_utf8_upgrade" and "sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg" are implemented in terms of
this function.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension
for that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
sv_uv A private implementation of the "SvUVx" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
UV sv_uv(SV* sv)
sv_vcatpvf
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends the formatted output to an SV. Does not
handle 'set' magic. See "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf".
void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vcatpvfn
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and appends the formatted output to an SV. Uses an
array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is missing (NULL). When running with
taint checks enabled, indicates via "maybe_tainted" if results are untrustworthy (often due
to the use of locales).
XXX Except that it maybe_tainted is never assigned to.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vcatpvf" and "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vcatpvf_mg
Like "sv_vcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvf
Works like "sv_vcatpvf" but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Does not
handle 'set' magic. See "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf".
void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvfn
Works like "sv_vcatpvfn" but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vsetpvf" and "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vsetpvf_mg
Like "sv_vsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
Unicode Support
bytes_from_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike "utf8_to_bytes"
but like "bytes_to_utf8", returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and updates "len" to
contain the new length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, "len" is
unchanged. Do nothing if "is_utf8" points to 0. Sets "is_utf8" to 0 if "s" is converted or
contains all 7bit characters.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_from_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
bytes_to_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding. Returns a pointer to
the newly-created string, and sets "len" to reflect the new length.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII, see sv_recode_to_utf8().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_to_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
ibcmp_utf8
Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false if not (if they are
equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded
Unicode. If u2 is true, the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or
u2 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding.
If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied in there (they will
point at the beginning of the next character). If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are
non-NULL, they are the end pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any circum-stances. circumstances.
stances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and s2+l2 will be used as goal
end pointers that will also stop the scan, and which qualify towards defining a successful
match: all the scans that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for a
match to succeed).
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing
both the characters, see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
is_utf8_char
Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8 character. Note that an
INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in
the UTF-8 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
STRLEN is_utf8_char(U8 *p)
is_utf8_string
Returns true if first "len" bytes of the given string form a valid UTF-8 string, false other-
wise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does not mean 'a string that contains code points
above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string_loc().
bool is_utf8_string(U8 *s, STRLEN len)
is_utf8_string_loc
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the case of "utf8ness fail-
ure") or the location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success") in the "ep".
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p)
is_utf8_string_loclen
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the case of "utf8ness fail-
ure") or the location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success") in the "ep", and the number
of UTF-8 encoded characters in the "el".
See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
pv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv, length len, the displayable
version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be
appended).
The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display isPRINT()able characters as
themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions
(like '\n') (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\). UNI_DIS-
PLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DIS-
PLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
sv_cat_decode
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is assumed to be octets in
that encoding and decoding the input starts from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed
to. The dsv will be concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate
when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on the PV of the ssv. The
value which the offset points will be modified to the last input position on the ssv.
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
sv_recode_to_utf8
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV of the sv is assumed to be
octets in that encoding, and the sv will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding is not a reference,
nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not an "Encode::XS" Encoding object, bad
things will happen. (See lib/encoding.pm and Encode).
The PV of the sv is returned.
char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
sv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv, the displayable version being
at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
to_utf8_case
The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding the character that is being con-
verted.
The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the conversion result to. The "lenp"
is a pointer to the length of the result.
The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by
SWASHGET, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually, but not always, a multicharacter
mapping), is tried first.
The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the hash %utf8::ToSpecLower.
The access to the hash is through Perl_to_utf8_case().
The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash %utf8::ToLower.
UV to_utf8_case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, char *normal, char *special)
to_utf8_fold
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and store that in UTF-8 in
ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than the original charac-
ter (up to three characters).
The first character of the foldcased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that
there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_lower
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and store that in UTF-8 in
ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than the original char-
acter.
The first character of the lowercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that
there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_title
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and store that in UTF-8 in
ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than the original char-
acter.
The first character of the titlecased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that
there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_upper
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and store that in UTF-8 in
ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least
UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than the original char-
acter.
The first character of the uppercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that
there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
utf8n_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed
to be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8n_to_uvuni
Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the unicode code point value of the first charac-
ter in the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than "curlen";
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour is dependent on the
value of "flags": if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, it is assumed that the caller will raise a
warning, and this function will silently just set "retlen" to "-1" and return zero. If the
"flags" does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about malformations will be given,
"retlen" will be set to the expected length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be
returned.
The "flags" can also contain various flags to allow deviations from the strict UTF-8 encoding
(see utf8.h).
Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
UV utf8n_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8_distance
Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers "a" and "b".
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the same UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8_distance(U8 *a, U8 *b)
utf8_hop
Return the UTF-8 pointer "s" displaced by "off" characters, either forward or backward.
WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* "off" is within the UTF-8 data pointed to
by "s" *and* that on entry "s" is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the
last byte of a character.
U8* utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off)
utf8_length
Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string "s" in characters. Stops at "e" (inclu-
sive). If "e < s" or if the scan would end up past "e", croaks.
STRLEN utf8_length(U8* s, U8 *e)
utf8_to_bytes
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike "bytes_to_utf8",
this over-writes the original string, and updates len to contain the new length. Returns
zero on failure, setting "len" to -1.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.
U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
utf8_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed
to be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set,
if possible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
utf8_to_uvuni
Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed to
be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
This function should only be used when returned UV is considered an index into the Unicode
semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set,
if possible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
uvchr_to_utf8
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes available. The return value is the
pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words,
d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
uvuni_to_utf8_flags
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes available. The return value is the
pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words,
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
(which is equivalent to)
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp" internal functions
ax Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the stack base offset, used by the "ST",
"XSprePUSH" and "XSRETURN" macros. The "dMARK" macro must be called prior to setup the
"MARK" variable.
I32 ax
CLASS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the class name for a C++ XS constructor.
This is always a "char*". See "THIS".
char* CLASS
dAX Sets up the "ax" variable. This is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dAX;
dAXMARK Sets up the "ax" variable and stack marker variable "mark". This is usually handled automat-
ically by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAXMARK;
dITEMS Sets up the "items" variable. This is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dITEMS;
dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK. Sets up the "ax" and
"items" variables by calling "dAX" and "dITEMS". This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp".
dXSARGS;
dXSI32 Sets up the "ix" variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually handled automati-
cally by "xsubpp".
dXSI32;
items Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate the number of items on the stack. See "Vari-
able-length Parameter Lists" in perlxs.
I32 items
ix Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke
it. See "The ALIAS: Keyword" in perlxs.
I32 ix
newXSproto
Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.
RETVAL Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to hold the return value for an XSUB. This is always the
proper type for the XSUB. See "The RETVAL Variable" in perlxs.
(whatever) RETVAL
ST Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int ix)
THIS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to designate the object in a C++ XSUB. This is always
the proper type for the C++ object. See "CLASS" and "Using XS With C++" in perlxs.
(whatever) THIS
XS Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by "xsubpp".
XS_VERSION
The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually handled automatically by "ExtU-
tils::MakeMaker". See "XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK".
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS module's "XS_VERSION"
variable. This is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp". See "The VERSIONCHECK: Key-
word" in perlxs.
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
Warning and Dieing
croak This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "die" function. Normally call this function
the same way you call the C "printf" function. Calling "croak" returns control directly to
Perl, sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See "warn".
If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to $@ and then pass "Nullch" to
croak():
errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
croak(Nullch);
void croak(const char* pat, ...)
warn This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's "warn" function. Call this function the same
way you call the C "printf" function. See "croak".
void warn(const char* pat, ...)
AUTHORS
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now main-
tained as part of Perl itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson,
Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich
Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
SEE ALSO
perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
perl v5.8.8 2006-01-07 PERLAPI(1)
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