PERLFAQ2(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLFAQ2(1)
NAME
perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 2006/01/08 14:27:07 $)
DESCRIPTION
This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find source and documentation for Perl, sup-port, support,
port, and related matters.
What machines support perl? Where do I get it?
The standard release of perl (the one maintained by the perl development team) is distributed only in
source code form. You can find this at http://www.cpan.org/src/latest.tar.gz , which is in a stan-
dard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format).
Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually all known and current Unix de-
rivatives are supported (perl's native platform), as are other systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows,
QNX, BeOS, OS X, MPE/iX and the Amiga.
Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including Apple systems, can be found
http://www.cpan.org/ports/ directory. Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they
may and in fact do differ from the base perl port in a variety of ways. You'll have to check their
respective release notes to see just what the differences are. These differences can be either posi-
tive (e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that are not supported in the
source release of perl) or negative (e.g. might be based upon a less current source release of
perl).
How can I get a binary version of perl?
If you don't have a C compiler because your vendor for whatever reasons did not include one with your
system, the best thing to do is grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile
perl with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to get free compilers for, not
for Unix systems.
Some URLs that might help you are:
http://www.cpan.org/ports/
http://www.perl.com/pub/language/info/software.html
Someone looking for a perl for Win16 might look to Laszlo Molnar's djgpp port in
http://www.cpan.org/ports/#msdos , which comes with clear installation instructions. A simple
installation guide for MS-DOS using Ilya Zakharevich's OS/2 port is available at
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perl5dos.html and similarly for Windows 3.1 at
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perlwin3.html .
I don't have a C compiler. How can I build my own Perl interpreter?
Since you don't have a C compiler, you're doomed and your vendor should be sacrificed to the Sun
gods. But that doesn't help you.
What you need to do is get a binary version of gcc for your system first. Consult the Usenet FAQs
for your operating system for information on where to get such a binary version.
I copied the perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
That's probably because you forgot libraries, or library paths differ. You really should build the
whole distribution on the machine it will eventually live on, and then type "make install". Most
other approaches are doomed to failure.
One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out the hard-coded @INC that
perl looks through for libraries:
% perl -le 'print for @INC'
If this command lists any paths that don't exist on your system, then you may need to move the appro-
priate libraries to these locations, or create symbolic links, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately.
@INC is also printed as part of the output of
% perl -V
You might also want to check out "How do I keep my own module/library directory?" in perlfaq8.
I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How
do I make it work?
Read the INSTALL file, which is part of the source distribution. It describes in detail how to cope
with most idiosyncrasies that the Configure script can't work around for any given system or archi-
tecture.
What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a ~1.2Gb archive replicated on nearly 200
machines all over the world. CPAN contains source code, non-native ports, documentation, scripts,
and many third-party modules and extensions, designed for everything from commercial database inter-
faces to keyboard/screen control to web walking and CGI scripts. The master web site for CPAN is
http://www.cpan.org/ and there is the CPAN Multiplexer at http://www.cpan.org/CPAN.html which will
choose a mirror near you via DNS. See http://www.perl.com/CPAN (without a slash at the end) for how
this process works. Also, http://mirror.cpan.org/ has a nice interface to the
http://www.cpan.org/MIRRORED.BY mirror directory.
See the CPAN FAQ at http://www.cpan.org/misc/cpan-faq.html for answers to the most frequently asked
questions about CPAN including how to become a mirror.
CPAN/path/... is a naming convention for files available on CPAN sites. CPAN indicates the base
directory of a CPAN mirror, and the rest of the path is the path from that directory to the file.
For instance, if you're using ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN as your CPAN site, the file
CPAN/misc/japh is downloadable as ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh .
Considering that there are close to two thousand existing modules in the archive, one probably exists
to do nearly anything you can think of. Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include
Perl core modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking, devices, and inter-
process communication; data type utilities; database interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other
languages; filenames, file systems, and file locking; internationalization and locale; world wide web
support; server and daemon utilities; archiving and compression; image manipulation; mail and news;
control flow utilities; filehandle and I/O; Microsoft Windows modules; and miscellaneous modules.
See http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html or http://search.cpan.org/ for a more complete
list of modules by category.
CPAN is not affiliated with O'Reilly Media.
Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is.
Where can I get information on Perl?
The complete Perl documentation is available with the Perl distribution. If you have Perl installed
locally, you probably have the documentation installed as well: type "man perl" if you're on a system
resembling Unix. This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your $MAN-
PATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation will be different; for example,
documentation might only be in HTML format. All proper perl installations have fully-accessible doc-
umentation.
You might also try "perldoc perl" in case your system doesn't have a proper man command, or it's been
misinstalled. If that doesn't work, try looking in /usr/local/lib/perl5/pod for documentation.
If all else fails, consult http://perldoc.perl.org/ which has the complete documentation in HTML and
PDF format.
Many good books have been written about Perl--see the section below for more details.
Tutorial documents are included in current or upcoming Perl releases include perltoot for objects or
perlboot for a beginner's approach to objects, perlopentut for file opening semantics, perlreftut for
managing references, perlretut for regular expressions, perlthrtut for threads, perldebtut for debug-
ging, and perlxstut for linking C and Perl together. There may be more by the time you read this.
These URLs might also be useful:
http://perldoc.perl.org/
http://bookmarks.cpan.org/search.cgi?cat=Training%2FTutorials
What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
Several groups devoted to the Perl language are on Usenet:
comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group
comp.lang.perl.misc High traffic general Perl discussion
comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group
comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules
comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl
comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web.
Some years ago, comp.lang.perl was divided into those groups, and comp.lang.perl itself officially
removed. While that group may still be found on some news servers, it is unwise to use it, because
postings there will not appear on news servers which honour the official list of group names. Use
comp.lang.perl.misc for topics which do not have a more-appropriate specific group.
There is also a Usenet gateway to Perl mailing lists sponsored by perl.org at nntp://nntp.perl.org ,
a web interface to the same lists at http://nntp.perl.org/group/ and these lists are also available
under the "perl.*" hierarchy at http://groups.google.com . Other groups are listed at
http://lists.perl.org/ ( also known as http://lists.cpan.org/ ).
A nice place to ask questions is the PerlMonks site, http://www.perlmonks.org/ , or the Perl Begin-
ners mailing list http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=beginners .
Note that none of the above are supposed to write your code for you: asking questions about particu-
lar problems or general advice is fine, but asking someone to write your code for free is not very
cool.
Where should I post source code?
You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, but feel free to cross-post to
comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to cross-post to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their
posting standards, including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT include alt.sources; see
their FAQ ( http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/ ) for details.
If you're just looking for software, first use Google ( http://www.google.com ), Google's usenet
search interface ( http://groups.google.com ), and CPAN Search ( http://search.cpan.org ). This is
faster and more productive than just posting a request.
Perl Books
A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of these are good, some are
OK, but many aren't worth your money. There is a list of these books, some with extensive reviews,
at http://books.perl.org/ . If you don't see your book listed here, you can write to perlfaq-work-
ers@perl.org .
The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by the creator of Perl, is Programming
Perl:
Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"):
by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Jon Orwant
ISBN 0-596-00027-8 [3rd edition July 2000]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl3/
(English, translations to several languages are also available)
The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and
complete programs is:
The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"):
by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington,
with Foreword by Larry Wall
ISBN 0-596-00313-7 [2nd Edition August 2003]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/perlckbk2/
If you're already a seasoned programmer, then the Camel Book might suffice for you to learn Perl. If
you're not, check out the Llama book:
Learning Perl
by Randal L. Schwartz, Tom Phoenix, and brian d foy
ISBN 0-596-10105-8 [4th edition July 2005]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/learnperl4/
And for more advanced information on writing larger programs, presented in the same style as the
Llama book, continue your education with the Alpaca book:
Learning Perl Objects, References, and Modules (the "Alpaca Book")
by Randal L. Schwartz, with Tom Phoenix (foreword by Damian Conway)
ISBN 0-596-00478-8 [1st edition June 2003]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lrnperlorm/
If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly even degreed computer scien-
tist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as we try to provide in the Llama, please check out the
delightful book
Perl: The Programmer's Companion
by Nigel Chapman
ISBN 0-471-97563-X [1997, 3rd printing Spring 1998]
http://www.wiley.com/compbooks/catalog/97563-X.htm
http://www.wiley.com/compbooks/chapman/perl/perltpc.html (errata etc)
If you are more at home in Windows the following is available (though unfortunately rather dated).
Learning Perl on Win32 Systems (the "Gecko Book")
by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen,
with foreword by Larry Wall
ISBN 1-56592-324-3 [1st edition August 1997]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperlwin/
Addison-Wesley ( http://www.awlonline.com/ ) and Manning ( http://www.manning.com/ ) are also pub-
lishers of some fine Perl books such as Object Oriented Programming with Perl by Damian Conway and
Network Programming with Perl by Lincoln Stein.
An excellent technical book discounter is Bookpool at http://www.bookpool.com/ where a 30% discount
or more is not unusual.
What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally useful. Your mileage may
(but, we hope, probably won't) vary.
Recommended books on (or mostly on) Perl follow.
References
Programming Perl
by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Jon Orwant
ISBN 0-596-00027-8 [3rd edition July 2000]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl3/
Perl 5 Pocket Reference
by Johan Vromans
ISBN 0-596-00032-4 [3rd edition May 2000]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/perlpr3/
Tutorials
Beginning Perl
by James Lee
ISBN 1-59059-391-X [2nd edition August 2004]
http://apress.com/book/bookDisplay.html?bID=344
Elements of Programming with Perl
by Andrew L. Johnson
ISBN 1-884777-80-5 [1st edition October 1999]
http://www.manning.com/Johnson/
Learning Perl
by Randal L. Schwartz, Tom Phoenix, and brian d foy
ISBN 0-596-10105-8 [4th edition July 2005]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/learnperl4/
Learning Perl Objects, References, and Modules
by Randal L. Schwartz, with Tom Phoenix (foreword by Damian Conway)
ISBN 0-596-00478-8 [1st edition June 2003]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lrnperlorm/
Task-Oriented
Writing Perl Modules for CPAN
by Sam Tregar
ISBN 1-59059-018-X [1st edition Aug 2002]
http://apress.com/book/bookDisplay.html?bID=14
The Perl Cookbook
by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington
with foreword by Larry Wall
ISBN 1-56592-243-3 [1st edition August 1998]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cookbook/
Effective Perl Programming
by Joseph Hall
ISBN 0-201-41975-0 [1st edition 1998]
http://www.awl.com/
Real World SQL Server Administration with Perl
by Linchi Shea
ISBN 1-59059-097-X [1st edition July 2003]
http://apress.com/book/bookDisplay.html?bID=171
Special Topics
Perl Best Practices
by Damian Conway
ISBN: 0-596-00173-8 [1st edition July 2005]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/perlbp/
Higher Order Perl
by Mark-Jason Dominus
ISBN: 1558607013 [1st edition March 2005]
http://hop.perl.plover.com/
Perl 6 Now: The Core Ideas Illustrated with Perl 5
by Scott Walters
ISBN 1-59059-395-2 [1st edition December 2004]
http://apress.com/book/bookDisplay.html?bID=355
Mastering Regular Expressions
by Jeffrey E. F. Friedl
ISBN 0-596-00289-0 [2nd edition July 2002]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/regex2/
Network Programming with Perl
by Lincoln Stein
ISBN 0-201-61571-1 [1st edition 2001]
http://www.awlonline.com/
Object Oriented Perl
Damian Conway
with foreword by Randal L. Schwartz
ISBN 1-884777-79-1 [1st edition August 1999]
http://www.manning.com/Conway/
Data Munging with Perl
Dave Cross
ISBN 1-930110-00-6 [1st edition 2001]
http://www.manning.com/cross
Mastering Perl/Tk
by Steve Lidie and Nancy Walsh
ISBN 1-56592-716-8 [1st edition January 2002]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/mastperltk/
Extending and Embedding Perl
by Tim Jenness and Simon Cozens
ISBN 1-930110-82-0 [1st edition August 2002]
http://www.manning.com/jenness
Perl Debugger Pocket Reference
by Richard Foley
ISBN 0-596-00503-2 [1st edition January 2004]
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/perldebugpr/
Which magazines have Perl content?
The first (and for a long time, only) periodical devoted to All Things Perl, The Perl Journal con-
tains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies, announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has col-
umns on web development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular expressions, and net-
working, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl Contest and the Perl Poetry Contests. Beginning in Novem-
ber 2002, TPJ moved to a reader-supported monthly e-zine format in which subscribers can download
issues as PDF documents. For more details on TPJ, see http://www.tpj.com/
Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry quality articles on Perl are The Perl Review (
http://www.theperlreview.com ), Unix Review ( http://www.unixreview.com/ ), Linux Magazine (
http://www.linuxmagazine.com/ ), and Usenix's newsletter/magazine to its members, login: (
http://www.usenix.org/ )
The Perl columns of Randal L. Schwartz are available on the web at http://www.stonehenge.com/mer-
lyn/WebTechniques/ , http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/UnixReview/ , and http://www.stone-
henge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/ .
What mailing lists are there for Perl?
Most of the major modules (Tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own mailing lists. Consult the documen-
tation that came with the module for subscription information.
A comprehensive list of Perl related mailing lists can be found at:
http://lists.perl.org/
Where are the archives for comp.lang.perl.misc?
The Google search engine now carries archived and searchable newsgroup content.
http://groups.google.com/groups?group=comp.lang.perl.misc
If you have a question, you can be sure someone has already asked the same question at some point on
c.l.p.m. It requires some time and patience to sift through all the content but often you will find
the answer you seek.
Where can I buy a commercial version of perl?
In a real sense, perl already is commercial software: it has a license that you can grab and care-
fully read to your manager. It is distributed in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There
is a very large user community and an extensive literature. The comp.lang.perl.* newsgroups and
several of the mailing lists provide free answers to your questions in near real-time. Perl has tra-
ditionally been supported by Larry, scores of software designers and developers, and myriad program-
mers, all working for free to create a useful thing to make life better for everyone.
However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a purchase order from a company whom
they can sue should anything go awry. Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual
obligations. Shrink-wrapped CDs with perl on them are available from several sources if that will
help. For example, many Perl books include a distribution of perl, as do the O'Reilly Perl Resource
Kits (in both the Unix flavor and in the proprietary Microsoft flavor); the free Unix distributions
also all come with perl.
Where do I send bug reports?
If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules shipped with Perl, use the perlbug
program in the Perl distribution or mail your report to perlbug@perl.org or at
http://rt.perl.org/perlbug/ .
For Perl modules, you can submit bug reports to the Request Tracker set up at http://rt.cpan.org .
If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to "What platforms is perl avail-
able for?"), a binary distribution, or a non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see
the documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post bugs.
Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information.
What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org?
Perl.com at http://www.perl.com/ is part of the O'Reilly Network, a subsidiary of O'Reilly Media.
The Perl Foundation is an advocacy organization for the Perl language which maintains the web site
http://www.perl.org/ as a general advocacy site for the Perl language. It uses the domain to provide
general support services to the Perl community, including the hosting of mailing lists, web sites,
and other services. The web site http://www.perl.org/ is a general advocacy site for the Perl lan-
guage, and there are many other sub-domains for special topics, such as
http://learn.perl.org/
http://use.perl.org/
http://jobs.perl.org/
http://lists.perl.org/
Perl Mongers uses the pm.org domain for services related to Perl user groups, including the hosting
of mailing lists and web sites. See the Perl user group web site at http://www.pm.org/ for more
information about joining, starting, or requesting services for a Perl user group.
http://www.cpan.org/ is the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a replicated worldwide repository of
Perl software, see the What is CPAN? question earlier in this document.
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1997-2006 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights
reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public domain. You are permitted
and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for
profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but
is not required.
perl v5.8.8 2006-01-07 PERLFAQ2(1)
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