PROCMAIL(1) PROCMAIL(1)
NAME
procmail - autonomous mail processor
SYNOPSIS
procmail [-ptoY] [-f fromwhom]
[parameter=value | rcfile] ...
procmail [-toY] [-f fromwhom] [-a argument] ...
-d recipient ...
procmail [-ptY] -m [parameter=value] ... rcfile
[argument] ....br procmail -v
DESCRIPTION
For a quick start, see NOTES at the end.
Procmail should be invoked automatically over the .forward file mechanism as soon as mail arrives.
Alternatively, when installed by a system administrator, it can be invoked from within the mailer
immediately. When invoked, it first sets some environment variables to default values, reads the
mail message from stdin until an EOF, separates the body from the header, and then, if no command
line arguments are present, it starts to look for a file named $HOME/.procmailrc. According to the
processing recipes in this file, the mail message that just arrived gets distributed into the right
folder (and more). If no rcfile is found, or processing of the rcfile falls off the end, procmail
will store the mail in the default system mailbox.
If no rcfiles and no -p have been specified on the command line, procmail will, prior to reading
$HOME/.procmailrc, interpret commands from /etc/procmailrc (if present). Care must be taken when
creating /etc/procmailrc, because, if circumstances permit, it will be executed with root privileges
(contrary to the $HOME/.procmailrc file of course).
If running suid root or with root privileges, procmail will be able to perform as a functionally
enhanced, backwards compatible mail delivery agent.
Procmail can also be used as a general purpose mail filter, i.e., provisions have been made to enable
procmail to be invoked in a special sendmail rule.
The rcfile format is described in detail in the procmailrc(5) man page.
The weighted scoring technique is described in detail in the procmailsc(5) man page.
Examples for rcfile recipes can be looked up in the procmailex(5) man page.
Signals
TERMINATE Terminate prematurely and requeue the mail.
HANGUP Terminate prematurely and bounce the mail.
INTERRUPT Terminate prematurely and bounce the mail.
QUIT Terminate prematurely and silently lose the mail.
ALARM Force a timeout (see TIMEOUT).
USR1 Equivalent to a VERBOSE=off.
USR2 Equivalent to a VERBOSE=on.
OPTIONS
-v Procmail will print its version number, display its compile time configuration and exit.
-p Preserve any old environment. Normally procmail clears the environment upon startup, except for
the value of TZ. However, in any case: any default values will override any preexisting envi-ronment environment
ronment variables, i.e., procmail will not pay any attention to any predefined environment vari-ables, variables,
ables, it will happily overwrite them with its own defaults. For the list of environment vari-ables variables
ables that procmail will preset see the procmailrc(5) man page. If both -p and -m are speci-fied, specified,
fied, the list of preset environment variables shrinks to just: LOGNAME, HOME, SHELL, ORGMAIL
and MAILDIR.
-t Make procmail fail softly, i.e., if procmail cannot deliver the mail to any of the destinations
you gave, the mail will not bounce, but will return to the mailqueue. Another delivery-attempt
will be made at some time in the future.
-f fromwhom
Causes procmail to regenerate the leading `From ' line with fromwhom as the sender (instead of
-f one could use the alternate and obsolete -r). If fromwhom consists merely of a single `-',
then procmail will only update the timestamp on the `From ' line (if present, if not, it will
generate a new one).
-o Instead of allowing anyone to generate `From ' lines, simply override the fakes.
-Y Assume traditional Berkeley mailbox format, ignore any Content-Length: fields.
-a argument
This will set $1 to be equal to argument. Each succeeding -a argument will set the next number
variable ($2, $3, etc). It can be used to pass meta information along to procmail. This is
typically done by passing along the $@x information from the sendmail mailer rule.
-d recipient ...
This turns on explicit delivery mode, delivery will be to the local user recipient. This, of
course, only is possible if procmail has root privileges (or if procmail is already running with
the recipient's euid and egid). Procmail will setuid to the intended recipients and delivers
the mail as if it were invoked by the recipient with no arguments (i.e., if no rcfile is found,
delivery is like ordinary mail). This option is incompatible with -p.
-m Turns procmail into a general purpose mail filter. In this mode one rcfile must be specified on
the command line. After the rcfile, procmail will accept an unlimited number of arguments. If
the rcfile is an absolute path starting with /etc/procmailrcs/ without backward references (i.e.
the parent directory cannot be mentioned) procmail will, only if no security violations are
found, take on the identity of the owner of the rcfile (or symbolic link). For some advanced
usage of this option you should look in the EXAMPLES section below..SH ARGUMENTS Any arguments
containing an '=' are considered to be environment variable assignments, they will all be evalu-ated evaluated
ated after the default values have been assigned and before the first rcfile is opened.
Any other arguments are presumed to be rcfile paths (either absolute, or if they start with `./' rel-ative relative
ative to the current directory; any other relative path is relative to $HOME, unless the -m option
has been given, in which case all relative paths are relative to the current directory); procmail
will start with the first one it finds on the command line. The following ones will only be parsed
if the preceding ones have a not matching HOST-directive entry, or in case they should not exist.
If no rcfiles are specified, it looks for $HOME/.procmailrc. If not even that can be found, process-ing processing
ing will continue according to the default settings of the environment variables and the ones speci-fied specified
fied on the command line.
EXAMPLES
Examples for rcfile recipes can be looked up in the procmailex(5) man page. A small sample rcfile
can be found in the NOTES section below.
Skip the rest of this EXAMPLES section unless you are a system administrator who is vaguely familiar
with sendmail.cf syntax.
The -m option is typically used when procmail is called from within a rule in the sendmail.cf file.
In order to be able to do this it is convenient to create an extra `procmail' mailer in your send-mail.cf sendmail.cf
mail.cf file (in addition to the perhaps already present `local' mailer that starts up procmail). To
create such a `procmail' mailer I'd suggest something like:
Mprocmail, P=/usr/bin/procmail, F=mSDFMhun, S=11, R=21,
A=procmail -m $h $g $u
This enables you to use rules like the following (most likely in ruleset 0) to filter mail through
the procmail mailer (please note the leading tab to continue the rule, and the tab to separate the
comments):
R$*<@some.where>$*
$#procmail $@/etc/procmailrcs/some.rc $:$1@some.where.procmail$2
R$*<@$*.procmail>$*
$1<@$2>$3 Already filtered, map back
And /etc/procmailrcs/some.rc could be as simple as:
SENDER = "<$1>" # fix for empty sender addresses
SHIFT = 1 # remove it from $@
:0 # sink all junk mail
* ^Subject:.*junk
/dev/null
:0 w # pass along all other mail
! -oi -f "$SENDER" "$@"
Do watch out when sending mail from within the /etc/procmailrcs/some.rc file, if you send mail to
addresses which match the first rule again, you could be creating an endless mail loop.
FILES
/etc/passwd to set the recipient's LOGNAME, HOME and SHELL variable defaults
/var/mail/$LOGNAME system mailbox; both the system mailbox and the immediate directory it is in
will be created every time procmail starts and either one is not present
/etc/procmailrc initial global rcfile
/etc/procmailrcs/ special privileges path for rcfiles
$HOME/.procmailrc default rcfile
/var/mail/$LOGNAME.lock
lockfile for the system mailbox (not automatically used by procmail, unless
$DEFAULT equals /var/mail/$LOGNAME and procmail is delivering to $DEFAULT)
/usr/sbin/sendmail default mail forwarder
_????`hostname` temporary `unique' zero-length files created by procmail
SEE ALSO
procmailrc(5), procmailsc(5), procmailex(5), sh(1), csh(1), mail(1), mailx(1), binmail(1), uucp(1),
aliases(5), sendmail(8), egrep(1), grep(1), biff(1), comsat(8), lockfile(1), formail(1), cron(1)
DIAGNOSTICS
Autoforwarding mailbox found
The system mailbox had its suid or sgid bit set, procmail terminates with
EX_NOUSER assuming that this mailbox must not be delivered to.
Bad substitution of "x"
Not a valid environment variable name specified.
Closing brace unexpected
There was no corresponding opening brace (nesting block).
Conflicting options Not all option combinations are useful
Conflicting x suppressed
Flag x is not compatible with some other flag on this recipe.
Couldn't create "x" The system mailbox was missing and could not/will not be created.
Couldn't create maildir part "x"
The maildir folder "x" is missing one or more required subdirectories and
procmail could not create them.
Couldn't create or rename temp file "x"
An error occurred in the mechanics of delivering to the directory folder "x".
Couldn't determine implicit lockfile from "x"
There were no `>>' redirectors to be found, using simply `$LOCKEXT' as local-lockfile. locallockfile.
lockfile.
Couldn't read "x" Procmail was unable to open an rcfile or it was not a regular file, or proc-mail procmail
mail couldn't open an MH directory to find the highest numbered file.
Couldn't unlock "x" Lockfile was already gone, or write permission to the directory where the
lockfile is has been denied.
Deadlock attempted on "x"
The locallockfile specified on this recipe is equal to a still active $LOCK-FILE. $LOCKFILE.
FILE.
Denying special privileges for "x"
Procmail will not take on the identity that comes with the rcfile because a
security violation was found (e.g. -p or variable assignments on the command
line) or procmail had insufficient privileges to do so.
Descriptor "x" was not open
As procmail was started, stdin, stdout or stderr was not connected (possibly
an attempt to subvert security)
Enforcing stricter permissions on "x"
The system mailbox of the recipient was found to be unsecured, procmail se-cured secured
cured it.
Error while writing to "x"
Nonexistent subdirectory, no write permission, pipe died or disk full.
Exceeded LINEBUF Buffer overflow detected, LINEBUF was too small, PROCMAIL_OVERFLOW has been
set.
MAILDIR is not an absolute path
MAILDIR path too long
ORGMAIL is not an absolute path
ORGMAIL path too long
default rcfile is not an absolute path
default rcfile path too long
The specified item's full path, when expanded, was longer than LINEBUF or
didn't start with a file separator.
Excessive output quenched from "x"
The program or filter "x" tried to produce too much output for the current
LINEBUF, the rest was discarded and PROCMAIL_OVERFLOW has been set.
Extraneous x ignored The action line or other flags on this recipe makes flag x meaningless.
Failed forking "x" Process table is full (and NORESRETRY has been exhausted).
Failed to execute "x" Program not in path, or not executable.
Forced unlock denied on "x"
No write permission in the directory where lockfile "x" resides, or more than
one procmail trying to force a lock at exactly the same time.
Forcing lock on "x" Lockfile "x" is going to be removed by force because of a timeout (see also:
LOCKTIMEOUT).
Incomplete recipe The start of a recipe was found, but it stranded in an EOF.
Insufficient privileges
Procmail either needs root privileges, or must have the right (e)uid and
(e)gid to run in delivery mode. The mail will bounce.
Invalid regexp "x" The regular expression "x" contains errors (most likely some missing or extra-neous extraneous
neous parens).
Kernel-lock failed While trying to use the kernel-supported locking calls, one of them failed
(usually indicates an OS error), procmail ignores this error and proceeds.
Kernel-unlock failed See above.
Lock failure on "x" Can only occur if you specify some real weird (and illegal) lockfilenames or
if the lockfile could not be created because of insufficient permissions or
nonexistent subdirectories.
Lost "x" Procmail tried to clone itself but could not find back rcfile "x" (it either
got removed or it was a relative path and you changed directory since procmail
opened it last time).
Missing action The current recipe was found to be incomplete.
Missing closing brace A nesting block was started, but never finished.
Missing name The -f option needs an extra argument.
Missing argument You specified the -a option but forgot the argument.
Missing rcfile You specified the -m option, procmail expects the name of an rcfile as argu-ment. argument.
ment.
Missing recipient You specified the -d option or called procmail under a different name, it ex-pects expects
pects one or more recipients as arguments.
No space left to finish writing "x"
The filesystem containing "x" does not have enough free space to permit deliv-ery delivery
ery of the message to the file.
Out of memory The system is out of swap space (and NORESRETRY has been exhausted).
Processing continued The unrecognised options on the command line are ignored, proceeding as usual.
Program failure (nnn) of "x"
Program that was started by procmail returned nnn instead of EXIT_SUCCESS
(=0); if nnn is negative, then this is the signal the program died on.
Quota exceeded while writing "x"
The filesize quota for the recipient on the filesystem containing "x" does not
permit delivering the message to the file.
Renaming bogus "x" into "x"
The system mailbox of the recipient was found to be bogus, procmail performed
evasive actions.
Rescue of unfiltered data succeeded/failed
A filter returned unsuccessfully, procmail tried to get back the original
text.
Skipped: "x" Couldn't do anything with "x" in the rcfile (syntax error), ignoring it.
Suspicious rcfile "x" The owner of the rcfile was not the recipient or root, the file was world
writable, or the directory that contained it was world writable, or this was
the default rcfile ($HOME/.procmailrc) and either it was group writable or the
directory that contained it was group writable (the rcfile was not used).
Terminating prematurely whilst waiting for ...
Procmail received a signal while it was waiting for ...
Timeout, terminating "x"
Timeout has occurred on program or filter "x".
Timeout, was waiting for "x"
Timeout has occurred on program, filter or file "x". If it was a program or
filter, then it didn't seem to be running anymore.
Truncated file to former size
The file could not be delivered to successfully, so the file was truncated to
its former size.
Truncating "x" and retrying lock
"x" does not seem to be a valid filename or the file is not empty.
Unable to treat as directory "x"
Either the suffix on "x" would indicate that it should be an MH or maildir
folder, or it was listed as an second folder into which to link, but it al-ready already
ready exists and is not a directory.
Unexpected EOL Missing closing quote, or trying to escape EOF.
Unknown user "x" The specified recipient does not have a corresponding uid.
EXTENDED DIAGNOSTICS
Extended diagnostics can be turned on and off through setting the VERBOSE variable.
[pid] time & date Procmail's pid and a timestamp. Generated whenever procmail logs a diagnostic
and at least a second has elapsed since the last timestamp.
Acquiring kernel-lock Procmail now tries to kernel-lock the most recently opened file (descriptor).
Assigning "x" Environment variable assignment.
Assuming identity of the recipient, VERBOSE=off
Dropping all privileges (if any), implicitly turns off extended diagnostics.
Bypassed locking "x" The mail spool directory was not accessible to procmail, it relied solely on
kernel locks.
Executing "x" Starting program "x". If it is started by procmail directly (without an in-termediate intermediate
termediate shell), procmail will show where it separated the arguments by in-serting inserting
serting commas.
HOST mismatched "x" This host was called "x", HOST contained something else.
Locking "x" Creating lockfile "x".
Linking to "x" Creating a hardlink between directory folders.
Match on "x" Condition matched.
Matched "x" Assigned "x" to MATCH.
No match on "x" Condition didn't match, recipe skipped.
Non-zero exitcode (nnn) by "x"
Program that was started by procmail as a condition or as the action of a
recipe with the `W' flag returned nnn instead of EXIT_SUCCESS (=0); the usage
indicates that this is not an entirely unexpected condition.
Notified comsat: "$LOGNAME@offset:file"
Sent comsat/biff a notice that mail arrived for user $LOGNAME at `offset' in
`file'.
Opening "x" Opening file "x" for appending.
Rcfile: "x" Rcfile changed to "x".
Reiterating kernel-lock
While attempting several locking methods, one of these failed. Procmail will
reiterate until they all succeed in rapid succession.
Score: added newtotal "x"
This condition scored `added' points, which resulted in a `newtotal' score.
Unlocking "x" Removing lockfile "x" again.
WARNINGS
You should create a shell script that uses lockfile(1) before invoking your mail shell on any mailbox
file other than the system mailbox (unless of course, your mail shell uses the same lockfiles (local
or global) you specified in your rcfile).
In the unlikely event that you absolutely need to kill procmail before it has finished, first try and
use the regular kill command (i.e., not kill -9, see the subsection Signals for suggestions), other-wise otherwise
wise some lockfiles might not get removed.
Beware when using the -t option, if procmail repeatedly is unable to deliver the mail (e.g., due to
an incorrect rcfile), the system mailqueue could fill up. This could aggravate both the local post-master postmaster
master and other users.
The /etc/procmailrc file might be executed with root privileges, so be very careful of what you put
in it. SHELL will be equal to that of the current recipient, so if procmail has to invoke the shell,
you'd better set it to some safe value first. See also: DROPPRIVS.
Keep in mind that if chown(1) is permitted on files in /etc/procmailrcs/, that they can be chowned to
root (or anyone else) by their current owners. For maximum security, make sure this directory is ex-ecutable executable
ecutable to root only.
Procmail is not the proper tool for sharing one mailbox among many users, such as when you have one
POP account for all mail to your domain. It can be done if you manage to configure your MTA to add
some headers with the envelope recipient data in order to tell Procmail who a message is for, but
this is usually not the right thing to do. Perhaps you want to investigate if your MTA offers `vir-tual `virtual
tual user tables', or check out the `multidrop' facility of Fetchmail.
BUGS
After removing a lockfile by force, procmail waits $SUSPEND seconds before creating a new lockfile so
that another process that decides to remove the stale lockfile will not remove the newly created lock
by mistake.
Procmail uses the regular TERMINATE signal to terminate any runaway filter, but it does not check if
the filter responds to that signal and it only sends it to the filter itself, not to any of the fil-ter's filter's
ter's children.
A continued Content-Length: field is not handled correctly.
The embedded newlines in a continued header should be skipped when matching instead of being treated
as a single space as they are now.
MISCELLANEOUS
If there is an existing Content-Length: field in the header of the mail and the -Y option is not
specified, procmail will trim the field to report the correct size. Procmail does not change the
fieldwidth.
If there is no Content-Length: field or the -Y option has been specified and procmail appends to reg-ular regular
ular mailfolders, any lines in the body of the message that look like postmarks are prepended with
`>' (disarms bogus mailheaders). The regular expression that is used to search for these postmarks
is:
`\nFrom '
If the destination name used in explicit delivery mode is not in /etc/passwd, procmail will proceed
as if explicit delivery mode was not in effect. If not in explicit delivery mode and should the uid
procmail is running under, have no corresponding /etc/passwd entry, then HOME will default to /, LOG-NAME LOGNAME
NAME will default to #uid, SHELL will default to /bin/sh, and ORGMAIL will default to /tmp/dead.let-ter. /tmp/dead.letter.
ter.
When in explicit delivery mode, procmail will generate a leading `From ' line if none is present. If
one is already present procmail will leave it intact. If procmail is not invoked with one of the
following user or group ids: root, daemon, uucp, mail, x400, network, list, slist, lists or news, but
still has to generate or accept a new `From ' line, it will generate an additional `>From ' line to
help distinguish fake mails.
For security reasons procmail will only use an absolute or $HOME-relative rcfile if it is owned by
the recipient or root, not world writable, and the directory it is contained in is not world
writable. The $HOME/.procmailrc file has the additional constraint of not being group-writable or in
a group-writable directory.
If /var/mail/$LOGNAME is a bogus mailbox (i.e., does not belong to the recipient, is unwritable, is a
symbolic link or is a hard link), procmail will upon startup try to rename it into a file starting
with `BOGUS.$LOGNAME.' and ending in an inode-sequence-code. If this turns out to be impossible,
ORGMAIL will have no initial value, and hence will inhibit delivery without a proper rcfile.
If /var/mail/$LOGNAME already is a valid mailbox, but has got too loose permissions on it, procmail
will correct this. To prevent procmail from doing this make sure the u+x bit is set.
When delivering to directories, MH folders, or maildir folders, you don't need to use lockfiles to
prevent several concurrently running procmail programs from messing up.
Delivering to MH folders is slightly more time consuming than delivering to normal directories or
mailboxes, because procmail has to search for the next available number (instead of having the file-name filename
name immediately available).
On general failure procmail will return EX_CANTCREAT, unless option -t is specified, in which case it
will return EX_TEMPFAIL.
To make `egrepping' of headers more consistent, procmail concatenates all continued header fields;
but only internally. When delivering the mail, line breaks will appear as before.
If procmail is called under a name not starting with `procmail' (e.g., if it is linked to another
name and invoked as such), it comes up in explicit delivery mode, and expects the recipients' names
as command line arguments (as if -d had been specified).
Comsat/biff notifications are done using udp. They are sent off once when procmail generates the
regular logfile entry. The notification messages have the following extended format (or as close as
you can get when final delivery was not to a file):
$LOGNAME@offset_of_message_in_mailbox:absolute_path_to_mailbox
Whenever procmail itself opens a file to deliver to, it consistently uses the following kernel lock-ing locking
ing strategies: fcntl(2) and lockf(3).
Procmail is NFS-resistant and eight-bit clean.
NOTES
Calling up procmail with the -h or -? options will cause it to display a command-line help and recipe
flag quick-reference page.
There exists an excellent newbie FAQ about mailfilters (and procmail in particular); it is maintained
by Nancy McGough <nancym@ii.com> and can be obtained by sending a mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu
with the following in the body:
send usenet/news.answers/mail/filtering-faq
If procmail is not installed globally as the default mail delivery agent (ask your system administra-tor), administrator),
tor), you have to make sure it is invoked when your mail arrives. In this case your $HOME/.forward
(beware, it has to be world readable) file should contain the line below. Be sure to include the
single and double quotes, and unless you know your site to be running smrsh (the SendMail Restricted
SHell), it must be an absolute path.The \fB#\fP\fIYOUR_USERNAME\fP is not actually a parameter that
is required by procmail, in fact, it will be discarded by sh before procmail ever sees it; it is how-ever however
ever a necessary kludge against overoptimising sendmail programs:
"|IFS=' '&&p=/usr/bin/procmail&&test -f $p&&exec $p -Yf-||exit 75 #YOUR_USERNAME"
Procmail can also be invoked to postprocess an already filled system mailbox. This can be useful if
you don't want to or can't use a $HOME/.forward file (in which case the following script could peri-odically periodically
odically be called from within cron(1), or whenever you start reading mail):
#!/bin/sh
ORGMAIL=/var/mail/$LOGNAME
if cd $HOME &&
test -s $ORGMAIL &&
lockfile -r0 -l1024 .newmail.lock 2>/dev/null
then
trap "rm -f .newmail.lock" 1 2 3 13 15
umask 077
lockfile -l1024 -ml
cat $ORGMAIL >>.newmail &&
cat /dev/null >$ORGMAIL
lockfile -mu
formail -s procmail <.newmail &&
rm -f .newmail
rm -f .newmail.lock
fi
exit 0
A sample small $HOME/.procmailrc:
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin
MAILDIR=$HOME/Mail #you'd better make sure it exists
DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/mbox #completely optional
LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/from #recommended
:0:
* ^From.*berg
from_me
:0
* ^Subject:.*Flame
/dev/null
Other examples for rcfile recipes can be looked up in the procmailex(5) man page.
SOURCE
This program is part of the procmail mail-processing-package (v3.22) available at http://www.proc-
mail.org/ or ftp.procmail.org in pub/procmail/.
MAILINGLIST
There exists a mailinglist for questions relating to any program in the procmail package:
<procmail-users@procmail.org>
for submitting questions/answers.
<procmail-users-request@procmail.org>
for subscription requests.
If you would like to stay informed about new versions and official patches send a subscription re-
quest to
procmail-announce-request@procmail.org
(this is a readonly list).
AUTHORS
Stephen R. van den Berg
<srb@cuci.nl>
Philip A. Guenther
<guenther@sendmail.com>
BuGless 2003/10/14 PROCMAIL(1)
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