RSA(1) OpenSSL RSA(1)
NAME
rsa - RSA key processing tool
SYNOPSIS
openssl rsa [-inform PEM|NET|DER] [-outform PEM|NET|DER] [-in filename] [-passin arg] [-out filename]
[-passout arg] [-sgckey] [-des] [-des3] [-idea] [-text] [-noout] [-modulus] [-check] [-pubin]
[-pubout] [-engine id]
DESCRIPTION
The rsa command processes RSA keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components
printed out. Note this command uses the traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key
encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the pkcs8 utility.
COMMAND OPTIONS
-inform DER|NET|PEM
This specifies the input format. The DER option uses an ASN1 DER encoded form compatible with the
PKCS#1 RSAPrivateKey or SubjectPublicKeyInfo format. The PEM form is the default format: it
consists of the DER format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. On input
PKCS#8 format private keys are also accepted. The NET form is a format is described in the NOTES
section.
-outform DER|NET|PEM
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.
-in filename
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not
specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for.
-passin arg
the input file password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE
ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-out filename
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output if this option is not
specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output
filename should not be the same as the input filename.
-passout password
the output file password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE
ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-sgckey
use the modified NET algorithm used with some versions of Microsoft IIS and SGC keys.
-des|-des3|-idea
These options encrypt the private key with the DES, triple DES, or the IDEA ciphers respectively
before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified the
key is written in plain text. This means that using the rsa utility to read in an encrypted key
with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the
encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be
used with PEM format output files.
-text
prints out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded
version.
-noout
this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
-modulus
this option prints out the value of the modulus of the key.
-check
this option checks the consistency of an RSA private key.
-pubin
by default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read
instead.
-pubout
by default a private key is output: with this option a public key will be output instead. This
option is automatically set if the input is a public key.
-engine id
specifying an engine (by it's unique id string) will cause req to attempt to obtain a functional
reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as
the default for all available algorithms.
NOTES
The PEM private key format uses the header and footer lines:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----------END KEY---------END
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----The KEY----The
The PEM public key format uses the header and footer lines:
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----------END KEY---------END
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----The KEY----The
The NET form is a format compatible with older Netscape servers and Microsoft IIS .key files, this
uses unsalted RC4 for its encryption. It is not very secure and so should only be used when
necessary.
Some newer version of IIS have additional data in the exported .key files. To use these with the
utility, view the file with a binary editor and look for the string "private-key", then trace back to
the byte sequence 0x30, 0x82 (this is an ASN1 SEQUENCE). Copy all the data from this point onwards to
another file and use that as the input to the rsa utility with the -inform NET option. If you get an
error after entering the password try the -sgckey option.
EXAMPLES
To remove the pass phrase on an RSA private key:
openssl rsa -in key.pem -out keyout.pem
To encrypt a private key using triple DES:
openssl rsa -in key.pem -des3 -out keyout.pem
To convert a private key from PEM to DER format:
openssl rsa -in key.pem -outform DER -out keyout.der
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
openssl rsa -in key.pem -text -noout
To just output the public part of a private key:
openssl rsa -in key.pem -pubout -out pubkey.pem
BUGS
The command line password arguments don't currently work with NET format.
There should be an option that automatically handles .key files, without having to manually edit
them.
SEE ALSO
pkcs8(1), dsa(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
0.9.7l 2003-01-30 RSA(1)
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