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About AppleScript

AppleScript is a scripting language that provides direct control of scriptable applications and scriptable parts of the Mac OS. A scriptable application is one that can respond to a variety of Apple events by performing operations or supplying data. An Apple event is a type of interprocess message that can encapsulate commands and data of arbitrary complexity. By providing an API that supports these mechanisms, the “Open Scripting Architecture” makes possible one of the most powerful features in Mac OS X—the ability to write scripts that automate operations with multiple applications.

You can use AppleScript scripts to perform repetitive tasks, automate complex workflows, control applications on local or remote computers, and access web services. Because script writers (or scripters) can access features in any scriptable application, they can combine features from many applications. For example, a script might make remote procedure calls to a web service to get stock quotes, add the current stock prices to a database, then graph information from the database in a spreadsheet application. From controlling an image-processing workflow to performing quality assurance testing for a suite of applications, AppleScript makes automation possible.

While the AppleScript scripting language (described in AppleScript Language Guide, and in a number of detailed third-party books) uses an English-like terminology which may appear simple, it is a rich, object-oriented language, capable of performing complicated programming tasks. However, its real strength comes from providing access to the features available in scriptable applications. If you make your application scriptable, it will help scripters get their work done, and quite likely become indispensable to their work process.

The “Automator” application, available starting in Mac OS X version 10.4, lets users work in a graphical interface to put together complex, automated workflows. Workflows consist of one or more actions, which are provided by Apple, by developers, and by scripters, and can be written in AppleScript and in other languages, including Objective-C. Starting in Mac OS X v10.5, developers can incorporate workflows directly in their applications, providing another mechanism for accessing features of other applications and the Mac OS.

“Scripting Bridge,” available starting in Mac OS X version 10.5, provides an automated process for creating an Objective-C interface to scriptable applications. This allows Cocoa applications and other Objective-C code to efficiently access features of scriptable applications, using native Objective-C syntax. Some other scripting languages, such as Ruby and Python, can use Scripting Bridge, but also have their own software bridges to access features of scriptable applications—for more information, see Getting Started With Scripting & Automation.

AppleScript has several other new or improved features in Mac OS X v10.5, including full support for Unicode text, additional support for identifying and working with application objects in scripts, 64-bit support, more accurate and useful error messages, and additional scriptability in Apple technologies such as iChat and the Dock. For more information, see AppleScript Features.

Contents:

When to Use AppleScript
Limitations of AppleScript


When to Use AppleScript

The following are common scenarios in which you might use AppleScript or related technologies in your development work.

Limitations of AppleScript

The AppleScript scripting language excels in its ability to call on multiple applications, but was not designed to perform task-specific functions itself. So, for example, you cannot use AppleScript to efficiently perform intensive math operations or lengthy text processing. However, you can use AppleScript in combination with shell scripts, Perl scripts, and other scripting languages. This allows you to work with the most efficient language for the task at hand. For related information, see “Using AppleScript with Other Scripting Systems.”

While you can save AppleScript scripts as applications, AppleScript provides a minimum of user interface options. However, you can use “AppleScript Studio” when you need to provide a more complex interface.

AppleScript relies on developers to build scriptability into their applications. However, a mechanism called GUI scripting, introduced with Mac OS X version 10.3, does allow some scripting of applications that do not contain code for responding to Apple events. For more information, see “System Events and GUI Scripting.”



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© 2002, 2007 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Last updated: 2007-10-31)


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