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Internationalization is the process of designing software to accommodate multiple locales and creating user-interface content that is easy to localize. The Cocoa frameworks in Mac OS X do much of the internationalization work of developers for them. Mac OS X services in Carbon, Cocoa, and Core Foundation help developers internationalize their software and manage locales in a consistent manner.

A guided introduction to internationalizing software for Mac OS X.   Essential information for developers designing software for multiple locales.  
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IMKServerInput Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the informal protocol used to receive text events.
Cocoa Reference 2009-05-06
NSCalendar Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a calendar.
Cocoa Reference 2009-02-04
CFStringTokenizer Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes an opaque type for breaking a string into tokens.
Core Foundation Reference 2009-01-06
Internationalization Programming Topics (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to support multiple languages in software.
Carbon, Cocoa, Core Foundation, Localization, Tools Guides 2009-01-06
Xcode Project Management Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Provides practical descriptions of the major development tasks developers perform with Xcode.
Tools Guides 2009-01-06
NSDateFormatter Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a date formatter.
Cocoa Reference 2008-11-19
CFMutableString Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a mutable character string.
Core Foundation, Unicode Reference 2008-10-15
CFString Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes an immutable character string.
Core Foundation, Unicode Reference 2008-10-15
Handling Unicode Text Editing With MLTE (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Apple's multilingual text engine.
Carbon, Unicode Guides 2008-10-15
Locales Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use locales to retrieve, interpret, and display localized information in Core Foundation.
Carbon, Core Foundation, Localization Guides 2008-10-15
NumberInput_IMKit_Sample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Illustrates an input method that uses the Mac OS X 10.5 InputMethodKit framework.
Cocoa Sample Code 2008-03-17
Strings Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create, manipulate, and search strings in Core Foundation, and how strings interact with encodings and character sets.
Carbon, Core Foundation, Unicode Guides 2008-03-11
NSLocale Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a locale.
Cocoa Reference 2008-02-08
NSTimeZone Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a time zone.
Cocoa Reference 2008-02-08
Carbon Core Release Notes (HTML)
Carbon, Unicode Release Notes 2007-10-31
Foundation Release Notes (HTML)
Describes new features, notes, and known issues for the Foundation framework in Mac OS X v10.5.
Cocoa Release Notes 2007-10-31
Obtaining the localized application name in Cocoa (HTML)
QA1544: Describes how to obtain several versions of the application name in Cocoa.
Cocoa Technical Q&As 2007-09-21
NSBundle Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a collection of resources used in a program.
Cocoa Reference 2007-07-19
Input Method Kit Reference Update (HTML) (PDF)
Summarizes the symbols added to the Input Method Kit framework.
Cocoa Release Notes 2007-07-18
Input Method Kit Release Note (HTML)
Describes an Objective-C framework for building input methods for Chinese, Japanese, and other languages.
Cocoa Release Notes 2007-07-17
ATSUI Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to lay out, process, and draw Unicode text.
Carbon, Unicode Guides 2007-07-10
ATSUI Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for rendering Unicode-encoded text with advanced typographic features.
Carbon, Unicode Reference 2007-06-28
Hello Welt (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates localization techniques for Dashboard widgets
Localization Sample Code 2007-06-25
Text Input Source Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for operating on text input sources, such as keyboards, character palettes, and ink input.
Carbon Reference 2007-06-07
IMKInputController Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that controls input on the input method side.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-06
IMKServer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that manages connections to input method clients.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-06
Input Method Kit Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for building input methods for Chinese, Japanese, and other languages.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-06
IMKCandidates Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that supports the use of candidate windows for an input method.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-05
IMKMouseHandling Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to receive mouse events for an input method client session.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-05
IMKStateSetting Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to set or access state values for an input method client session.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-05
IMKTextInput Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to send and obtain data from an input method client session.
Cocoa Reference 2007-06-05
CFDateFormatter Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a date and time formatter.
Core Foundation, Unicode Reference 2007-05-23
CFLocale Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a representation of a locale.
Core Foundation, Unicode Reference 2007-05-23
CFNumberFormatter Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a number formatter.
Core Foundation, Unicode Reference 2007-05-23
Multilingual Text Engine Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for supporting Unicode text editing.
Carbon, Unicode Reference 2007-02-19
How can I determine the order of the languages set by the user in the Language tab of the International preference pane? (HTML)
QA1391: Retrieving the order of the languages set by the International preference pane in Cocoa, Carbon, and Terminal.
Carbon, Cocoa, Tools Technical Q&As 2006-12-19
Date, Time, and Measurement Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for manipulating the locale-specific data of the battery-operated clock.
Carbon, Localization Reference 2006-09-29
Application Kit Release Notes (10.4 and Earlier) (HTML)
Cocoa Release Notes 2006-07-17
Unicode Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API that allows applications and input methods to operate on Unicode text.
Carbon, Unicode Reference 2006-01-10
Multilingual Text Engine Frequently Asked Questions (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2026: A list of frequently asked questions for the Multilingual Text Engine (MLTE).
Carbon Technical Notes 2005-09-12
Dates and Times Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to manage Core Foundation dates and times.
Core Foundation Guides 2005-08-11
Programming With the Text Encoding Conversion Manager (HTML) (PDF)
Explains character encodings, Unicode conversion, and custom converter plug-ins. Lists encoding variants.
Carbon, Unicode Guides 2005-07-07
Supporting Unicode Input (HTML) (PDF)
Introduces international text in Mac OS X and lists the tasks an application needs to perform.
Carbon, Unicode Guides 2005-07-07
Text Encoding Conversion Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for transferring text across other platforms or over the Internet.
Carbon, Unicode Reference 2005-07-07
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Carbon, Core Foundation, Localization, Unicode Sample Code 2003-10-27
Glyph Access Protocol (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2079: How to support unencoded glyphs using the TSM, ATSUI and Cocoa.
Carbon Technical Notes 2003-05-06
Programming With the Language Analysis Manager (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how morpholgical analysis is performed by the system.
Carbon, Localization Guides 2003-05-01
Using the Japanese Analysis Engine and Access Method (HTML) (PDF)
Describes dictionary access and the environments used by the Japanese Analysis Engine.
Carbon, Localization Guides 2003-05-01
Language Analysis Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Carbon shared library that performs morphological analysis for Japanese text.
Carbon, Localization Reference 2003-04-01
Converting to Precomposed Unicode (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1235: Describes how to convert a string to precomposed Unicode.
Carbon, Cocoa Technical Q&As 2003-02-07
BOM characters in 'utxt' clipboard flavor (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1221: Explains the use of the BOM character in 'utxt' scrap data
Carbon, Cocoa Technical Q&As 2003-01-20
ATSUICurveAccessDemo (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates low-level ATSUI APIs which allow access to raw glyph curve data.
Carbon, Unicode Sample Code 2003-01-14
ATSUIDirectAccessDemo (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates some basic manipulations of the ATSUI DirectAccess api.
Carbon, Unicode Sample Code 2003-01-14
Understanding Text Input and the Text Services Manager in Carbon (HTML) (PDF)
Discusses keyboard input, including Unicode, and explains how events are routed and handled.
Carbon, Localization Guides 2002-12-11
Keyboard Layout Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for managing key-to-character mappings used to support various languages.
Carbon, Localization Reference 2002-11-18
Installable Keyboard Layouts (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2056: Explains how to define a Unicode keyboard via an XML text file.
Carbon Technical Notes 2002-09-27
Locale Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for supporting conventions of a specific language or region.
Carbon, Localization Reference 2002-01-24
How to use the ATSUI Low Level APIs to get glyph outlines (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2033: Covers the ATSUI low-level APIs.
Carbon Technical Notes 2001-11-26
Installing input methods on Mac OS X (HTML)
QA1054: Describes how to install and use input methods on Mac OS X.
Carbon Technical Q&As 2001-09-14
Improving ATSUI Text Drawing Performance (HTML)
QA1027: Talks about one way of improving ATSUI text drawing performance.
Carbon Technical Q&As 2001-04-17
The Euro Currency Symbol (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN1140: The available information about Mac OS and Mac Mac OS X Server support for the Euro currency symbol.
Localization Technical Notes 2000-01-01