i

I

IAC

See: interapplication communication (IAC) architecture

icon: An image that represents an object, a concept, or a message

See also: icon family

icon cache: An icon suite that includes a pointer to an icon getter function and a pointer to data that can be used as a reference constant

See also: icon suite, icon getter function

icon component: The portion of an 'hfdr' resource in which you specify a help message for your application's Finder icon.

icon family: A set of icons that represent a single object and share the same resource ID. The resource types and names of each member of an icon family are: 'ICN#'"a large (32-by-32 pixel) black-and-white icon and mask; 'ics#'"a small (16-by-16 pixel) black-and-white icon and mask; 'icl4'"a large (32-by-32 pixel) color icon with 4 bits of color data per pixel; 'ics4'"a small (16-by-16 pixel) color icon with 4 bits of color data per pixel; 'icl8'"a large (32-by-32 pixel) color icon with 8 bits of color data per pixel; and 'ics8'"a small (16-by-16 pixel) color icon with 8 bits of color data per pixel.

icon getter function: An application-defined function that returns a handle to icon data for a specified icon type. You can associate an icon getter function with an icon cache. Subsequent calls to Icon Utilities routines that use icons not present in the icon cache use the icon getter function to read the icon data into memory.

icon resource: A resource of type 'ICON' that contains a bitmap for a 32-by-32 pixel black-and-white icon. You can use resources of type 'ICON' in menus and dialog boxes. Note that the Finder does not use or display any resources of type 'ICON' that you create. To create an icon for display by the Finder, create one or more of the icons in an icon family

See also: color icon resource, icon family, small icon resource

icon suite: One or more handles to icon data that represents icons from a single icon family. Some Icon Utilities routines accept a handle to an icon suite and draw the appropriate icon from that suite for the destination rectangle and the bit depth of the display device.

Icon Utilities: A collection of routines that your application can use to display icons in graphics ports (such as windows or dialog boxes) created by your application.

identity: A number used as shorthand for the name and key or name and password of a user or service

See also: local identity, specific identity

identity mapping

See: identity matrix

identity matrix: A transformation matrix that specifies no change in the coordinates of the source image. The resulting image corresponds exactly to the source image.

ideographic: A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words; for example, Japanese Kanji, Chinese Hanzi, and Korean Hanja.

ideographic centered baseline: The baseline used by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ideographic scripts, in which glyphs are centered halfway on the line height.

ideographic writing system: The glyphs that symbolize component meanings of words in a language

See also: alphabetic writing system, syllabic writing system

idle procedure: A routine that handles events and updates information while system software completes a task. For example, applications displaying a print status dialog box while a printer driver directs output to a printer typically use an idle procedure that checks for user-generated events indicating that the user wishes to cancel the printing.

idle state: A power conservation state of portable Macintosh computers in which the processor slows from its normal clock speed to a 1 MHz clock speed. Also called the rest state

See also: power-saver state, sleep state

IEEE standard

See: IEEE Standard 754

IEEE Standard 754: A standard that defines how computers should perform binary floating-point arithmetic.

IEEE Standard 854: A standard that defines how computers should perform radix- independent floating-point arithmetic.

ignore notice stack: A stack that can contain the implementation limit of notice numbers. Notices on the ignore notice stack are not posted by QuickDraw GX.

ignore warning stack: A stack that can contain the implementation limit of warning numbers. Warnings on the ignore warning stack are not posted by QuickDraw GX.

image block: A message block containing a graphic representation of a letter's content. It may be the sole content in a letter or be accompanied by content in a content block, a content enclosure, or both. The format of data in an image block is sometimes referred to as snapshot format.

image compressor component: A component that provides image-compression services. Image compressor components have a component type of 'imco'.

image decompressor component: A component that provides image-decompression services. Image decompressor components have a component type value of 'imdc'.

image sequence: A series of visual representations usually represented by video over time. Image sequences may also be generated synthetically, such as from an animation sequence.

image well: A control that is used to display non-text visual content on a white background surrounded by a rectangular frame.

imaging: The construction and display of graphical information. Such graphical information can consist of shapes, pictures, and text and can be displayed on output devices such as screens and printers.

imaging phase: In QuickDraw GX printing, the phase when each previously spooled page is rendered into a form that can be printed on the output device. The imaging phase is composed of two processes: despooling and rendering

See also: despooling, rendering

imaging system: A part of the QuickDraw GX printing software that manages the conversion of QuickDraw GX shapes into data for a specific type of output device, including raster, vector, and PostScript printing devices. When the output device is a printing device, also referred to as a print imaging system

See also: raster imaging system, vector imaging system, PostScript imaging system

implementation library: The import library that is connected at load time to the application (or other fragment) being loaded. The implementation library provides the actual executable code and data exported by the library. Also called runtime library

See also: definition stub library

implementation limit: An upper or lower bounds of a size, number, or value. This limit is defined by the current version of QuickDraw GX

See also: default memory size

implementation limit error: A QuickDraw GX error indicating that the implementation limit of a structure has been exceeded

See also: implementation limit

implementation version: The version of an import library that is connected at load time to the application (or other fragment) being loaded. The implementation version provides the actual executable code and data exported by the library

See also: definition version

implicit cross-mode call: A call to code that is in a different instruction set architecture from the caller's, caused by the caller executing a routine descriptor.

implicit scaling: Scaling performed by the Font Manager when an application asks QuickDraw to draw text in a size that is not represented by the available fonts

See also: explicit scaling

implicit translation: The automatic conversion of a file or scrap without direct intervention from an application

See also: explicit translation

implied length: The definition of a specific length for a data type. An example of this is the Data Access Manager's typeInteger data type, which has a defined length of 4 bytes.

import: (1) To refer to a symbol located in some other fragment. (2) A data item or executable routine referenced by a fragment but not contained in it. An import is identified by name to the linker, but its actual address is bound at load time by the Code Fragment Manager.

imported symbol

See: import

import library: A shared library that is automatically loaded at run time by the Code Fragment Manager.

import library: A shared library that is automatically loaded at runtime by the Code Fragment Manager. The library's name is bound to a client at link time. Import libraries are a subset of shared libraries

See also: plug-in

imposed width: A run control feature that forces a specific width onto the glyphs of a style run, regardless of its text content or other style properties.

inactive control: A control that has no meaning or effect in the current context"for example, the scroll bars in an empty window. The Control Manager dims inactive controls or otherwise visually indicates their inactive state.

inactive window: A window in which the user is not working.

incoming message: A message coming into an AOCE system from an external messaging system.

incoming queue: A queue belonging to a mail slot into which a personal MSAM puts letters coming into an AOCE system from an external system.

increment/decrement button: A control that displays a pair of arrows, typically accompanying an editable text field containing a numerical value. Users click the arrows to increment or decrement the value in the text box. Also known as 'little arrows.'

index: (1) The part of a dictionary through which records are retrieved. Each index entry contains a key. (2) A zero-based, ordinal position in a buffer or data structure. (3) A number that indicates the position of an item in a list

See also: contour index, glyph index

indexed colors: A set of up to 256 colors contained in a video data interface called a color lookup table (or, more commonly, a CLUT). Video devices and offscreen graphics worlds that use indexed colors support pixels of 1-bit, 2-bit, 4-bit, or 8-bit depths.

indexed color space: The color space used when drawing with indirectly specified colors.

indexed device: A plug-in video card, a video interface built into a Macintosh computer, or an offscreen graphics world that supports up to 256 colors in a color lookup table. Indexed devices support pixels of 1-bit, 2-bit, 4-bit, or 8-bit depths

See also: direct device

indexed pixel: A pixel displayed on an indexed device. Indexed pixels can have pixel values of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bits.

index node: A node containing records that point to other nodes in the B*-tree hierarchy.

indicator: The moving part of a track control (such as a scroll bar or slider), used to indicate position or value. Indicators are also known as 'scroll boxes' or 'thumbs.' See also ghost, scroll bar, scroll box, slider.

inexact exception: A floating-point exception that occurs when the exact result of a floating-point operation must be rounded.

Infinity: A special value produced when a floating-point operation should produce a mathematical infinity or when a floating-point operation attempts to produce a number greater in magnitude than the largest representable number in a given format. Infinities are signed.

informational selector: A Gestalt selector code, used with the Gestalt function, that supplies information about the operating environment that cannot be used to determine whether a software or hardware feature is available

See also: environmental selector

information card: An HFS file located on a user's local disk that contains a single record.

information page: A formatted display of data and controls, similar in appearance to a dialog box, showing information about an AOCE catalog record or a portion of a record

See also: information page template

information page template: An AOCE template that defines the layout and contents of an information page, using the properties in a specific aspect.

information page window: A window that contains one or more information pages. If the window contains more than one information page, only one information page is displayed at a time. In that case, the window contains a pop-up menu with a list of the information pages available.

inheritance: In object-oriented programming, the transmission of properties and behaviors from one class to another

See also: subclassing

inhibited color: A color that is prevented from appearing on particular screens. Colors can be specifically inhibited on a 2-bit, 4-bit, and 8-bit color or grayscale screen.

initialization

See: disk initialization

initialization block

See: fragment initialization block

initialization function: A function contained in a fragment that is executed immediately after the fragment is loaded and prepared

See also: termination routine

initialize: For a script system, to create and set up a script record at system startup. Script systems either initialize themselves or are initialized by the Script Manager. Only script systems that are installed can be initialized.

initiator: (1) The ASDSP client application of a connection end that retrieves information from an authentication server and makes a request to open a session. (2) The originator of the authentication process.

initiator device: A device capable of initiating SCSI transactions.

ink: A QuickDraw GX object associated with a shape object. An ink object contains information that affects the color of a shape and the transfer mode with which it is drawn.

inline input: An input method that allows the user to enter text directly into a document. In inline input, entry and conversion of characters take place at the current line position"where the converted text is intended to appear"rather than in a separate window. Inline input is the principal example of the kind of text service supported by the Text Services Manager.

input method: A software facility for 2-byte script systems that converts phonetic or syllabic characters, entered from a keyboard, into ideographic or other complex representations of text. Because 2-byte script systems have too many characters to be entered directly from a keyboard, the input method uses a conversion technique, such as translating sequences of phonetic characters that are typed into a special input window. For example, the Japanese script system provides software for transcribing Kana (phonetic Japanese) into ideographic Kanji.

input order: The order in which characters are written or entered from a keyboard. The input order of a line of text can differ from its display order

See also: display order

input/output (I/O): The parts of a computer system that transfer data to or from peripheral devices.

insertion location descriptor record: A record of type typeInsertionLoc that consists of two keyword-specified descriptor records. The first is an object specifier record, and the data for the second is a constant that specifies the insertion location in relation to the Apple event object described by the object specifier record.

insertion mode: For a dictionary, the manner in which insertion of a new record occurs"for example, whether its data adds to or replaces data of an existing matching key.

insertion point: A location (offset) in a text buffer at which the next insertion or deletion of text is to take place. An insertion point is equivalent to a selection range of zero characters and is usually marked by a blinking vertical bar

See also: caret, caret position

Inside Macintosh: A collection of books, organized by topic, that describe the system software of Macintosh computers. Together, these books provide a definitive guide and essential reference for anyone writing software for Macintosh computers.

install: To place (the resources of a script system) in the System file.

instance: A single copy of a message handler in memory

See also: instantiate

instantiate: To create an instance of a message handler separate and unique from all other instances

See also: instance

instantiation

See: global instantiation, per-context instantiation, per-load instantiation

instruction cache: An area of memory internal to some microprocessors (for example, the MC68020, MC68030, and MC68040 microprocessors) that holds recently used instructions

See also: data cache

instruction set architecture (ISA): The set of instructions meaningful to a particular microprocessor or to a family of microprocessors.

instrument: A sampled sound played at varying rates to produce a number of different pitches or notes

See also: voice

integer types: System types for integral values. Integer types typically use 16- or 32-bit two's-complement integers. Integer types are not PowerPC Numerics formats but are available to PowerPC Numerics users.

integral value: A value, perhaps in a numeric data format, that is exactly equal to a mathematical integer. For example, _2, _1, 0, 1, 2, and so on.

interapplication communication (IAC) architecture: A standard and extensible mechanism for communication among Macintosh applications, including the Edition Manager, the Open Scripting Architecture, the Apple Event Manager, the Event Manager, and the PPC Toolbox.

interchange color space: Device-independent color spaces that are used for the interchange of color data from the native color space of one device to the native color space of another device.

intercharacter spacing: Extra pixels that are added between glyphs, in addition to the space surrounding the glyph as defined by the font, in formatting or justifying text.

interesting time: A time value in a movie, track, or media that meets certain search criteria. You specify the search criteria in the Movie Toolbox. The Movie Toolbox then scans the movie, track, or media and locates time values that meet those search criteria.

interface files

See: universal interface files

interface type: A specification of the set of Apple events and component commands associated with a component; part of the component description record. Currently, all text service components have the same interface type: kTextService, whose associated 4-character tag is 'tsvc'.

interlacing: A video mode that updates half the scan lines on one pass and goes through the second half during the next pass.

interleaving: (1) A technique in which sound and video data are alternated in small pieces, so the data can be read off disk as it is needed. Interleaving allows for movies of almost any length with little delay on startup. (2) The technique of combining two or more channels of sound data by alternating small pieces of the data in each channel into a single data stream

See also: sample frame

intermediary: A representative of a user or service that uses a proxy to obtain credentials for mutual authentication and then performs some function for the user or service represented.

internal entry point: In the CFM-68K runtime architecture, the entry point to a routine when accessed through a direct call. The internal entry point skips any A5 switching and simply enters the beginning of the actual routine

See also: external entry point

internal error: A nonfatal QuickDraw GX error indicating a damaged file, memory problem, or incorrect implementation.

internal validation: An optional validation mode in which object parameter validation occurs whenever an application uses a public function and whenever QuickDraw GX uses an internal function

See also: public validation

internationalization: The process of designing and creating applications with various languages and cultures in mind. Building an internationalized application allows a developer to create and maintain a single code base for that application

See also: localization

international bundle resource: An international resource of type 'itlb'. The international bundle resource identifies the complete set of international resources and keyboard resources used by a script system. It also specifies some of the script's default behavior. Every script system has one international bundle resource.

International Color Consortium (ICC): International color organization that publishes the International Color Consortium Profile Format Specification. The ICC Web site is at < http://www.color.org/ > .

international configuration resource: An international resource of type 'itlc'. The international configuration resource identifies and configures the system script. There is only one international configuration resource for each Macintosh System file, regardless of the number of script systems it supports.

international resources: A specific set of resources used by the Script Manager, the Text Utilities, and TextEdit. The international resources contain information specific to language or region, such as date and time formats, sorting order, and word-break rules.

international resources cache: A cache that holds resource IDs of international resources used by an application.

international resources selection flag: A Script Manager variable that determines which set of international resources are to be used for text processing operations. When the flag is set, the resources belonging to the system script are used. When the flag is clear, the resources belonging to the font script are used.

internet

See: AppleTalk internet

internet address

See: internet socket address

Internet address: \xE6See IP address.

Internet host: \xE6(1) A networked computer, with a unique IP address and domain name, that can serve as a central location for sending and receiving data. (2) In the Network suite, an object that encapsulates an Internet host.

Internet Protocol (IP): \xE6In the TCP/IP protocol suite, the layer that guarantees that all locations on the network can be identified by a unique address.

internet socket address: The combination of the socket number, the node ID, and the network number associated with an application or process. An internet socket address provides a unique identifier for any socket in the AppleTalk internet.

interpolation: The process of generating sample points between two given sample points

See also: linear interpolation

Interprogram Messaging Manager (IPM): The part of the Mac OS that manages the creation, sending, and receiving of messages. IPM messages conform to a specific structure and can be transmitted over an AppleTalk network or any other communication link. The Interprogram Messaging Manager provides store-and-forward messaging services for Macintosh computers.

interrupt: An exception signaled by a device to the processor, notifying it of a change in the condition of the device, such as the completion of an I/O request.

interrupt handler: A routine that services interrupts.

interrupt priority level: A number that identifies the importance of an interrupt. It indicates which device is interrupting, and which interrupt handler should be executed in response to the interrupt.

interrupt programming: A type of programming in which QuickDraw GX allows an application to switch tasks, but only when it is not performing critical functions.

interrupt service routine (ISR): A routine that processes interrupts generated by the processor, expansion cards, or external devices.

interrupt table: A list (stored in low memory) of interrupt vectors.

interrupt task: A routine executed as the result of an interrupt.

interrupt vector: The address of an interrupt handler.

intersegment reference: In 68K-based runtime architectures, a reference to a routine in another segment.

interword spacing: Extra pixels that are added to word delimiters"whether whitespace or extension bars"when formatting or justifying text.

intraframe coding: A process that compresses only a single frame. It does not require looking at adjacent frames in time to achieve compression, but allows fast random access and reverse play.

intranode delivery: An AppleTalk feature that allows two programs running on the same node to communicate with each other through AppleTalk protocols. The AppleTalk PSetSelfSend function enables or disables intranode delivery.

intrasegment reference: In 68K-based runtime architectures, a reference to a routine in the same segment.

intrinsic font: A font whose characteristics are entirely defined in a 'FONT' or 'NFNT' resource. The plain-style font of any family is an intrinsic font. Other styles may or may not be intrinsic

See also: derived font

invalid data warning: A QuickDraw GX warning indicating that an object contains incorrect data or that extra data was passed.

invalid exception: A floating-point exception that occurs if an operand is invalid for the operation being performed.

invalid-operation exception

See: invalid exception

inverse even-odd fill: A shape fill that is the inverse of even-odd fill.

inverse fill: A shape fill that indicates a shape's geometry describes an area"the area not contained within the contours of the shape's geometry. Inverse fills include inverse even-odd fill, and inverse winding fill.

inverse of a mapping: The mathematical inverse of the mapping matrix. A mapping concatenated with its inverse results in the identity matrix.

inverse solid fill

See: inverse even-odd fill

inverse table: A special data structure arranged by the Color Manager in such a manner that, given an arbitrary RGB color, the Color Manager can very rapidly look up its pixel value.

inverse winding fill: A shape fill that is the inverse of winding fill.

invert: To reverse the colors of all pixels within a shape. On a black-and-white screen, this changes all the black pixels in the shape to white and all the white pixels to black. Inverting operates on color pixels in color graphics ports, but the results are predictable only with direct pixels.

invisible file: A file that the Finder does not normally display to the user.

IP

See: Internet Protocol (IP)

IPM

See: Interprogram Messaging Manager (IPM)

IP address: \xE6A 32-bit value that uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet. For readability, displayed as a four-part decimal number, (for example, 125.33.75.242). In some situations, an IP address may be assigned dynamically.

ISA

See: instruction set architecture (ISA)

ISR

issuer

See: certificate issuer

issuing organization

See: certificate issuer

item color table resource: A resource (of type 'ictb') that an application can use to display an alert box or a dialog box with items using a typeface, font style, font size, or colors other than the system's default font and colors. (For an application to use a nonstandard typeface, font style, or font size, the user must have a color monitor.)

item list: A resource (of type 'DITL') that specifies the items"such as buttons and static text"to display in an alert box or a dialog box.

item number: An integer that identifies an item in either a menu or dialog box. Menu items are assigned item numbers starting with 1 for the first menu item in the menu, 2 for the second menu item in the menu, and so on, up to the number of the last menu item in the menu. Dialog items are assigned numbers that correspond to the item's position in its item list. For example, the first item listed in a dialog item list is item number 1.

I/O

See: input/output (I/O)

I/O queue

See: file I/O queue

I/O request: A request for input from or output to a file or device driver; caused by calling a File Manager or Device Manager routine asynchronously.

'itlb' resource

See: international bundle resource

'itlc' resource

See: international configuration resource

'itlk' resource

See: key-remap resource

'itlm' resource

See: script-sorting resource

'itl0' resource

See: numeric-format resource

'itl1' resource

See: long-date-format resource

'itl2' resource

See: string-manipulation resource

'itl4' resource

See: tokens resource

'itl5' resource

See: encoding/rendering resource