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Leopard Reference Library
Carbon is a set of C APIs offering developers an advanced user interface tool kit, event handling, the Quartz 2D graphics library, and multiprocessing support. Developers have access to other C and C++ APIs, including the OpenGL drawing system and the Mach microkernel.

A guided introduction and learning path for developers new to Carbon.   Essential information for developers using procedural C.   C API references organized by framework.
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Accessibility Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use the accessibility features built into Mac OS X.
Accessibility Guides 2008-03-11
Accessibility Programming Guidelines for Carbon (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to access-enable Carbon applications.
Accessibility Guides 2007-02-08
Carbon Accessibility Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for making Carbon applications accessible to assistive technologies.
Accessibility Reference 2006-02-07
Empty Memory Objects (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1259: Describes how two memory management edge cases are handled by the common Mac OS memory allocators.
Accessibility Technical Q&As 2003-04-21
ImageMapView (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to add Accessibility to a complex custom HIView and the related parts of an application.
Accessibility Sample Code 2005-10-17
iTunesController (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
iTunesController allows you to control iTunes without having to bring it to the foreground.
Accessibility Sample Code 2006-02-23
SimpleSpeechRecExample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to use the Speech Recognition Manager in a simple application.
Accessibility Sample Code 2003-03-26
Speech Recognition Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C interface for recognizing and accepting spoken input.
Accessibility Reference 2003-02-01
Speech Synthesis Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for converting text into synthesized speech.
Accessibility Reference 2009-04-08
Universal Access: Computers That Everyone Can Use (HTML)
Learn how to make your applications usable by everyone, including those with disabilities.
Accessibility Articles 2004-08-02
ABAddressBook C Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the opaque type for accessing, adding, and removing Address Book records.
Apple Applications Reference 2007-07-08
ABGroup Reference for C (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the opaque type used to group Address Book records.
Apple Applications Reference 2003-08-20
ABMultiValue Reference for C (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the opaque type for accessing Address Book properties with multiple values.
Apple Applications Reference 2003-08-20
ABPerson C Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the opaque type that encapsulates information about a person in Address Book.
Apple Applications Reference 2006-07-26
ABPicker Reference for C (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the ABPicker opaque type.
Apple Applications Reference 2007-07-20
ABPresence (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Displays a list of all the people in your Address Book and their iChat status.
Apple Applications Sample Code 2006-08-04
ABRecord C Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the opaque type that represents a generic Address Book record.
Apple Applications Reference 2005-04-29
Address Book Actions Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Address Book action callbacks.
Apple Applications Reference 2007-07-08
Address Book C Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for supporting and working with Address Book.
Apple Applications Reference 2006-05-23
Address Book Programming Guide for Mac OS X (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to add, search, remove, and customize Address Book records.
Apple Applications Guides 2006-04-04
Address Book Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C functions that support the Carbon API for Address Book.
Apple Applications Reference 2007-07-08
Apple Help Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to author, package, and display user help content in Mac OS X.
Apple Applications Guides 2007-10-31
BSDLLCTest (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Program sample demonstrates how to send and receive raw LLC Ethernet packets.
Apple Applications Sample Code 2003-06-12
Crash in ABAddPropertiesAndTypes (HTML)
QA1404: How to correctly add custom Address Book properties using ABAddPropertiesAndTypes
Apple Applications Technical Q&As 2005-04-04
Creating Printing Presets for iPhoto (HTML) (PDF)
Rules for creating and installing printer-specific collections of settings. Includes a sample file.
Apple Applications Guides 2005-07-07
HID Manager Event Data Underruns (HTML)
QA1038: Explains how to correctly handle HID Manager event queue data underruns.
Apple Applications Technical Q&As 2001-06-13
LocalServer (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Sample demonstrates how a Classic process can communicate with a Mac OS X process using IP networking protocols.
Apple Applications Sample Code 2003-01-30
StickiesExample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Contains sample code and tools used by Sync Services Tutorial to demonstrate debugging syncing applications.
Apple Applications Sample Code 2006-08-08
Audio Codec Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the programming interface for configuring audio codecs and for encoding and decoding audio data.
Audio Reference 2007-10-31
Audio File Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a C programming interface for reading and writing audio files.
Audio Reference 2008-07-08
Audio Queue Services Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Describes how to play and record audio using Audio Queue Services.
Audio Guides 2007-10-31
Audio Queue Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a high-level programming interface for recording and playing back audio data.
Audio Reference 2008-07-08
Audio Unit Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Core Audio frameworks and the Core Audio SDK to create audio units.
Audio Guides 2007-10-31
AudioDeviceNotify (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to enumerate audio devices attached to the system and how to handle device notifications
Audio Sample Code 2006-04-21
AudioQueueTest (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates AudioQueue, an audio playback API introduced in Mac OS X 10.5
Audio Sample Code 2006-08-01
Avoiding Pauses When Looping Audio files with QuickTime (HTML)
QA1371: Demonstrates how to avoid pauses when looping audio files with QuickTime
Audio Technical Q&As 2004-09-08
Capturing Speech Manager Output (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND15: Capturing the output from the Speech Synthesis Manager to a file.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-05-18
Changing the volume of audio devices (HTML)
QA1016: Demonstrates volume controls for audio devices
Audio Technical Q&As 2006-05-02
Core Audio Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Provides an overview of Core Audio and its programming interfaces.
Audio Guides 2007-01-08
CoreAudio Overload Warnings (HTML)
QA1467: Describes CoreAudio overload warnings what they mean and how to avoid them.
Audio Technical Q&As 2006-03-29
Digital CD Audio (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN1187: Describes digital audio on the Macintosh.
Audio Technical Notes 2000-04-01
Disc Recording Framework Reference (HTML)
Describes the Objective-C and C API for burning audio and data CDs and DVDs.
Audio Reference 2008-04-08
Disc Recording UI Framework Reference (HTML)
Describes the Objective-C and C API for presenting a user interface when burning audio and data CDs and DVDs.
Audio Reference 2008-04-08
DiscRecording Release Notes (HTML)
Updated for Mac OS X v10.5
Audio Release Notes 2007-10-31
Going Universal: Audio Developers Catch the Wave (HTML)
Learn how audio developers who built universal binaries of their applications are reaping the benefits.
Audio Articles 2006-07-18
The header file 'alut.h' is missing from the OpenAL framework. (HTML)
QA1504: ALUT headers were removed from OpenAL.framework with the Xcode 2.4. This Q&A describes how to regain access to those system-supplied symbols
Audio Technical Q&As 2007-02-06
MACE Restrictions (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND16: MACE algorithms only support the compression of 8-bit offset binary sound.
Audio Technical Q&As 1999-06-08
Making Input Gain Setting Changes (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND01: Changing the input gain setting on older Power Macs before recording.
Audio Technical Q&As 1996-06-01
MIDI File Format (HTML)
Describes the QuickTime implementation of the MIDI file standard.
Audio Reference 2002-09-17
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Audio Sample Code 2003-10-27
Playing a sound file using the Default Output Audio Unit (HTML)
TN2097: Playing an Audio File using the Default Output Audio Unit
Audio Technical Notes 2006-11-15
QuickTime Audio (HTML)
Explains how to enable recording and playback of various audio media.
Audio Guides 2002-09-17
QuickTime Music Architecture Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to enable synthesizing and playing of sounds and musical sequences.
Audio Guides 2006-01-10
RecordAudioToFile (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates recording audio to an AAC file using Core Audio
Audio Sample Code 2007-02-27
Recording Compressed Sounds (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND14: Sound Manager and sound input driver compression options are limited to allow interrupt time recording.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-04-12
Selecting a specific sound input source (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND10: Using the sound input driver to select specific sound input sources.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-01-16
Setting Audio Input Gain (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND11: Setting audio input gain under Mac OS 8.1.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-02-10
siActive Channels Unsupported on Some Power Macs (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND03: siActive Channels is unsupported on some older PowerMacs (siUnknownInfoType returned by SPBGetDeviceInfo).
Audio Technical Q&As 1996-06-01
siMonitorSource Selector (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND13: Using the sound output siMonitorAvailable, and siMonitorSource selectors.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-04-12
SimplePlayThru (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Use the HAL's Audio Output Unit (AUHAL) for device input and output on a single device (play-thru)
Audio Sample Code 2006-10-25
SimpleSpeechRecExample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to use the Speech Recognition Manager in a simple application.
Audio Sample Code 2003-03-26
siOSTypeInput Selectors (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND12: The use of siOSTypeInputSource, and siOSTypeInputAvailable selectors and extracting the siOSTypeInputAvailable OSTypes returned.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-04-12
siOSTypeInputAvailable Format (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND09: The format of the data returned by the siOSTypeInputAvailable selector is SoundInfoList.
Audio Technical Q&As 1998-01-16
Sound Manager 3.3 (HTML)
Deprecated - Summary of Sound Manager legacy releases 3.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3.
Audio Reference 2001-11-15
The Sound of Opportunity Knocking: The Audio Units Community Takes Off (HTML)
Learn how one developer created a successful business using audio units.
Audio Articles 2005-10-31
Standard Sound Dialog Component (HTML)
Describes the QuickTime component that lets the user make audio parameter settings.
Audio Guides 2002-09-17
Synchronizing Sounds to Video (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND19: Enabling regular sound callbacks under Mac OS 9 and Sound Manager 4.0.
Audio Technical Q&As 1999-10-05
Synchronous SysBeep (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - SND18: Obtaining a synchronous SysBeep with Sound Manager 3.1.
Audio Technical Q&As 1999-10-05
TremoloUnit (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Audio unit sample demonstrating how to build an effect unit with a generic view.
Audio Sample Code 2006-10-26
Turn up the Volume with Audio Units (HTML)
Learn to build a sample volume unit, test it, and integrate it into GarageBand.
Audio Articles 2005-01-31
Using the 3DMixer Audio Unit (HTML)
TN2112: Discusses how to use Core Audio's 3DMixer version 2.0
Audio Technical Notes 2004-06-14
AlbumToSlideshow (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates using CF and NSXML to create Final Cut Pro XML.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2008-05-15
BasicPlugIn (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Uses the CFPlugin to locate, load, execute plugin. Derived from the SillyBalls sample.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2003-07-28
Binary Data Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create and use Core Foundation data objects, object-oriented wrappers for byte buffers.
Core Foundation Guides 2006-01-10
Bundle Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Core Foundation bundle objects to organize resources.
Core Foundation Guides 2005-11-09
CFPreferences (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to use the CFPreferences APIs to access user preferences.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2003-01-14
CFPrefsDumper (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to use the CFPreferences APIs to access information about the current user preferences.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2003-01-14
CFPrefTopScores (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
How to access globally shared (writable) user preferences without requiring authentication.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2006-10-09
Collections Programming Topics for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to group objects in arrays, sets, or dictionaries in Core Foundation.
Core Foundation Guides 2003-08-07
Core Foundation Design Concepts (HTML) (PDF)
Explains the fundamental design concepts that underlie all Core Foundation programming interfaces.
Core Foundation Guides 2005-08-11
Core Foundation Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Foundation API.
Core Foundation Reference 2007-10-31
CoreFoundation Framework Release Notes (HTML)
Core Foundation Release Notes 2007-10-31
Dates and Times Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to manage Core Foundation dates and times.
Core Foundation Guides 2005-08-11
Debugging Programming Topics for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Tips and techniques for debugging Core Foundation code.
Core Foundation Guides 2003-01-17
Dynamically registering a bundled component (HTML)
QA1083: Describes how to dynamically register a Component which resides in an Application bundle.
Core Foundation Technical Q&As 2004-06-07
Internet Connect Speed (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1165: Describes how to get the modem connection speed from the System Configuration framework dynamic store.
Core Foundation Technical Q&As 2003-03-26
Memory Management Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to allocate and deallocate objects in Core Foundation.
Core Foundation Guides 2008-10-15
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2003-10-27
Plug-ins (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use the plug-in architecture provided by Core Foundation.
Core Foundation Guides 2005-03-03
Preferences Programming Topics for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to manage Core Foundation user preferences.
Core Foundation Guides 2006-10-03
ProfileSystem (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to obtain the same information that System Profiler displays.
Core Foundation Sample Code 2005-05-05
Property List Programming Topics for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use structured, textual representations of data in Core Foundation.
Core Foundation Guides 2006-02-07
Strings Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create, manipulate, and search strings in Core Foundation, and how strings interact with encodings and character sets.
Core Foundation Guides 2008-03-11
Using language-tagged QuickTime UserData text APIs with CFStrings (HTML)
QA1410: Describes how to use language-tagged QuickTime UserData text APIs with CFStrings and TextEncodings.
Core Foundation Technical Q&As 2005-02-11
XML Programming Topics for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to parse XML documents into structured objects.
Core Foundation Guides 2008-10-15
Attributed Strings Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use attributed strings, which manage attributes of character strings or individual characters.
Data Management Guides 2007-06-04
Binary Data Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create and use Core Foundation data objects, object-oriented wrappers for byte buffers.
Data Management Guides 2006-01-10
BowelsOfTheMemoryManager (aka YourHeapIsProbablyCorrupt) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - ME05: What the symbol BowelsoftheMemoryManager means and the most probable cause of this symbol in MacsBug.
Data Management Technical Q&As 2001-02-01
Carbon Pasteboards: Enhanced Data Sharing (HTML)
Learn how to add Clipboard support to your application, including copy and paste and drag and drop.
Data Management Articles 2004-08-16
CFAttributedString Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes an immutable character string and its associated attributes.
Data Management Reference 2009-05-06