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Leopard Reference Library
Carbon is a set of C APIs offering developers an advanced user interface tool kit, event handling, the Quartz 2D graphics library, and multiprocessing support. Developers have access to other C and C++ APIs, including the OpenGL drawing system and the Mach microkernel.

A guided introduction and learning path for developers new to Carbon.   Essential information for developers using procedural C.   C API references organized by framework.
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Watcher (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Uses FSEvents to monitor a directory hierarchy to keep track of its total size
File Management Sample Code 2006-08-04
Weak Linking To Spotlight (HTML)
QA1422: Describes a problem with weak linking to Spotlight (the Metadata framework), and its solution.
File Management Technical Q&As 2005-06-03
Why am I getting a bdNamErr when trying to use a file I just located? (HTML)
QA1392: Describes the problem caused by different forbidden characters in POSIX and HFS and a solution around the problem.
File Management Technical Q&As 2006-11-14
You Want Permission to do What?!! (HTML)
FL37: Provides an-depth discussion of the File Manager and AFP permission models.
File Management Technical Notes 1999-04-01
AGL Changes for Mac OS X Leopard (v. 10.5) (HTML)
QA1523: This Q&A describes the new and deprecated APIs for Apple OpenGL (AGL)
Games Technical Q&As 2008-01-04
aglClipBufferRect (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows the use of clip regions and buffer rects in AGL.
Games Sample Code 2003-01-14
AGLSurfaceTexture (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Example of render to texture/texture from surface using aglSurfaceTexture.
Games Sample Code 2003-07-07
Animation Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the animation facilities provided by Mac OS X.
Games Guides 2008-10-15
Apple Game Sprockets Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the programming interface defined by Game Sprockets. Replaced by Quartz Display Services.
Games Reference 2006-07-13
Carbon Full Screen Conundrums (HTML)
QA1068: Describes the available Mac OS X DrawSprocket services.
Games Technical Q&As 2001-08-20
Carbon GLSnapshot (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates the use of OpenGL with Quicktime to capture OpenGL content.
Games Sample Code 2003-07-07
CFPrefTopScores (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
How to access globally shared (writable) user preferences without requiring authentication.
Games Sample Code 2006-10-09
CGBitmapContextCreate Supported Color Spaces (HTML)
QA1037: Lists the color space and alpha info combinations currently supported by CGBitmapContextCreate.
Games Technical Q&As 2007-07-18
Context Sharing Tips (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1248: How to correctly share OpenGL contexts and what the limits on this sharing are.
Games Technical Q&As 2005-02-07
Current GDevice Dependencies (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1115: Describes potential problems with creating windows or ports when the current GDevice isn't the main device.
Games Technical Q&As 2002-02-13
Developing Games on Mac OS X Using Third-Party Game Engines (HTML)
Create your own game using the powerful game engines that run on Mac OS X.
Games Articles 2006-06-05
DrawSprocketTestOld (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Demonstrates basic implementations of DrawSprocket Functions.
Games Sample Code 2003-10-14
GetProcAdress and OpenGL Entry Points (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1188: Technique for finding function pointers for OpenGL entry points in Cocoa and Carbon
Games Technical Q&As 2002-11-25
Getting the pixel data from a CGImage object (HTML)
QA1509: Describes how to access the pixel data of a CGImage object
Games Technical Q&As 2008-08-27
GlyphaIVOld (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - A basic game implementation in the spirit of Joust meant as demonstation of Sprocket usage.
Games Sample Code 2003-10-14
HID Config Save (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Human Interface Device Manager Configuration sample
Games Sample Code 2008-05-07
How can I programmatically determine the DPI of the current video mode? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1217: Describes how to compute the DPI for a given display in a given mode using Core Graphics.
Games Technical Q&As 2002-12-02
How do I tell if a particular display is being hardware accelerated by Quartz Extreme? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1218: Describes how to use CGDisplayUsesOpenGLAcceleration to see if a display is accelerated or not.
Games Technical Q&As 2002-12-04
How do I use QuickDraw with CGDirectDisplay? (HTML)
QA1011: Explains how to draw to a CGDirectDisplay-captured display using QuickDraw.
Games Technical Q&As 2001-04-11
Incorrect Inside Macintosh Volume V documentation (HTML)
Deprecated - QD15: Identifies incorrect documentation in Inside Macintosh Volume V regarding the formats of PnPixPat and BkPixPat opcodes.
Games Technical Q&As 1995-09-15
New HID Manager APIs for Mac OS X version 10.5 (HTML)
TN2187: Mac OS X version 10.5 introduces new APIs for the HID Manager.
Games Technical Notes 2008-01-23
OpenGL Release Highlights - Mac OS X 10.3 Panther (HTML)
TN2131: Contains a list of bugs along with a short description on a release-by-release basis
Games Technical Notes 2005-02-04
Out of This GWorld (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Demonstrates the use of offscreen GWorlds and palette animation to simulate animation.
Games Sample Code 2003-03-12
Requirements for Quartz GL (HTML)
QA1536: Describes the requirements for enabling Quartz GL.
Games Technical Q&As 2008-08-08
Setting environment variables for user processes (HTML)
QA1067: Tells how to set environment variables for user processes.
Games Technical Q&As 2001-10-25
Simple DrawSprocket (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Simple use of DrawSprocket to set screen resolution and size.
Games Sample Code 2003-07-22
Updating OpenGL Contexts (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1209: When and why to update an OpenGL context in response to system and user actions.
Games Technical Q&As 2003-06-19
Using Clip Region and Buffer Rectangles with OpenGL Carbon (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1222: Shows the basics of using buffer rectangles and clip regions with AGL.
Games Technical Q&As 2002-12-19
Using Temporary Memory with OpenPicture (HTML)
Deprecated - QD20: Provides several techniques of causing OpenPicture to allocate temporary memory for a picture handle.
Games Technical Q&As 1996-02-01
Application Services Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for a number of services--such as Quartz 2D and ATSUI--that are essential to Carbon applications.
General Reference 2007-10-31
Carbon Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes many fundamental user experience APIs used in Carbon applications.
General Reference 2007-10-31
Carbon Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Defines Carbon and the components of Carbon applications. Provides a whirlwind tour of Carbon APIs.
General Guides 2005-11-09
Carbon Result Codes Index (HTML)
An alphabetic list of result codes in the Carbon application environment, with links to their API reference pages.
General Reference
Core Services Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for many fundamental operating system services.
General Reference 2007-10-31
Core Services Reference Update (HTML) (PDF)
Summarizes the symbols added to the Core Services framework.
General Release Notes 2007-07-18
OS Services Framework Release Notes (HTML)
General Release Notes 2007-10-31
2D Graphics Release Notes for Mac OS X v10.5 (HTML)
Describes the changes and issues related to Core Image and Quartz 2D in Mac OS X v10.5.
Graphics & Imaging Release Notes 2008-04-08
AGL Changes for Mac OS X Leopard (v. 10.5) (HTML)
QA1523: This Q&A describes the new and deprecated APIs for Apple OpenGL (AGL)
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2008-01-04
AGL Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Apple graphics library for Carbon applications that use OpenGL.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-10-31
aglClipBufferRect (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows the use of clip regions and buffer rects in AGL.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
AGLSurfaceTexture (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Example of render to texture/texture from surface using aglSurfaceTexture.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-07-07
Animation Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the animation facilities provided by Mac OS X.
Graphics & Imaging Guides 2008-10-15
Apple Game Sprockets Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the programming interface defined by Game Sprockets. Replaced by Quartz Display Services.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2006-07-13
Application Services Reference Update (HTML) (PDF)
Summarizes the symbols added to the Application Services framework.
Graphics & Imaging Release Notes 2007-07-18
ATSUI Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for rendering Unicode-encoded text with advanced typographic features.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-06-28
CalcCMask and SeedCFill in Carbon (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QD62: Explains how to use CalcCMask and SeedCFill in Carbon even though Carbon doesn't support OpenPort.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2000-11-08
Carbon GLSnapshot (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates the use of OpenGL with Quicktime to capture OpenGL content.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-07-07
Carbon Resolution Independence Release Notes (HTML)
Graphics & Imaging Release Notes 2005-04-29
CarbonQuartzComposer_TV (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to integrate Cocoa based QuartzComposer window into a Carbon based application
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2006-10-02
CarbonQuartzDrawingWPrinting (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Demonstrates mixing QuickDraw and Quartz 2D drawing both on screen and during printing.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
CarbonSketch (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Core Graphics only example of a Sketch application implemented with HIToolbox. Shows 1x1-CGBitmapContext for hit-testing, printing.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2005-03-23
CGBitmapContextCreate Supported Color Spaces (HTML)
QA1037: Lists the color space and alpha info combinations currently supported by CGBitmapContextCreate.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2007-07-18
CGContext Bounds (HTML)
QA1048: Explains how to determine the bounds of a CGContext.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2001-07-02
CGContextAddLineToPoint, CGContextAddCurveToPoint, et. al. (HTML)
QA1049: Explains why the CGContextAddXYZ APIs don't draw anything immediately.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2001-07-02
CGContextClosePath (HTML)
QA1046: Explains when you should call CGContextClosePath.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2001-10-02
The CGDirectPalette API (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2008: Provides a reference for the CGDirectPalette API on Mac OS X
Graphics & Imaging Technical Notes 2000-11-08
CGImageProperties Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes property constants for source and destination images.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-10-31
CGImageRef contents are immutable (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1276: Explains that CGImageRef contents are considered immutable once created.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2003-07-17
CGL Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes Apple's low level interface for OpenGL contexts.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-06-28
CIColorTracking (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
An Objective-C applicaton that implements a GPU-based technique to find the location of a uniquely colored object in a scene
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2008-04-24
Coalesced Updates (HTML)
TN2133: How to achieve the maxium frame rate in your Mac OS X application
Graphics & Imaging Technical Notes 2006-01-20
Color Management Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Introduces basic concepts and defines color spaces.
Graphics & Imaging Guides 2005-07-07
Color Picker Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API used in Classic Mac OS to solicit color choices from users.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-07-02
ColorBars (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to enumerate, select, capture, manipulate, draw to, and release displays using the CGDirectDisplay API.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
ColorSync Color Matching on Intel-based Macs (HTML)
QA1464: Describes special considerations for byte ordering when performing ColorSync color matching on Intel-based Macs
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2006-03-16
ColorSync Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for ColorSync, the platform-independent color management system in Mac OS X.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2005-06-04
ColorSyncDevices (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to use the new ColorSync Device Support APIs introduced with Mac OS X.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
ColorSyncDevices-Cocoa (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to use the new ColorSync Device Manager routines in the Cocoa environment.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
ComboBoxPrefs (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Use CFPrefs to store URLs to images for use in a browser style combo box.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2005-10-04
Compression Sessions - Enabling muti-pass encoding (HTML)
QA1450: Describes how to enable multi-pass encoding when using ICM compression sessions.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2006-01-12
Context Sharing Tips (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1248: How to correctly share OpenGL contexts and what the limits on this sharing are.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2005-02-07
Converting RGB Colors to a Palette Index (HTML)
Deprecated - QD21: Explains how to convert RGB colors into the palette index created by an application.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 1995-09-15
Core Image Kernel Language Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the symbols for writing image-processing kernels.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2008-06-09
Core Image Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Provides an overview and explains how to use and create image filters and image units.
Graphics & Imaging Guides 2008-06-09
Creating Gray Scaled Images > 8 bits (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - QD51: Shows how to create gray-scaled images at resolutions greater than 8 bits for display.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 1997-11-17
CTMClip (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Shows how to manipulate the Quartz 2D Current Transform Matrix (CTM) for image drawing with clipping.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
CTMDemo (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - Shows how to manipulate the Quartz 2D Current Transform Matrix (CTM) for image drawing without clipping.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
Current GDevice Dependencies (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1115: Describes potential problems with creating windows or ports when the current GDevice isn't the main device.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2002-02-13
Debugging Graphics with QuartzDebug (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1236: Explains how to use QuartzDebug to debug graphics issues.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2006-01-12
Display Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the C API for dynamically changing the arrangement and display modes of attached monitors. Replaced by Quartz Display Services.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-12-04
Drawing a Path Multiple Times (HTML)
QA1047: Explains that path drawing operations consume the path.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2001-07-02
Error -151 and NewGWorld (HTML)
Deprecated - QD18: Explains what the error code -151 means when in NewGWorld.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 1995-09-15
Font Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for QuickDraw-based font access and management.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-12-11
The Font Panel for Carbon API (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2058: The API to display and interact with the Font Panel from Carbon applications on Mac OS X.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Notes 2006-10-26
Fonts Panel Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for providing a Fonts window in a Carbon application.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-02-26
FullScreen (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to use BeginFullScreen and EndFullScreen to enter and exit full-screen mode.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-01-14
GetPortBitMapForCopyBits (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - QD61: Describes the proper usage of GetPortBitMapForCopyBits.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2000-11-08
GetProcAdress and OpenGL Entry Points (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1188: Technique for finding function pointers for OpenGL entry points in Cocoa and Carbon
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2002-11-25
Getting the pixel data from a CGImage object (HTML)
QA1509: Describes how to access the pixel data of a CGImage object
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 2008-08-27
GLCarbon1ContextPbuffer (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demostrates using OpenGL pixel buffers with a single shared context.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2004-03-26
GLCarbonSharedPbuffer (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demostrates sharing a single OpenGL pixel buffer with multiple other contexts.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2004-03-26
GLUTSurfaceTexture (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Example of using the new glutSurfaceTexture.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2004-03-26
GlyphaIVOld (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Deprecated - A basic game implementation in the spirit of Joust meant as demonstation of Sprocket usage.
Graphics & Imaging Sample Code 2003-10-14
grayishTextOr and Mac OS 8.5 (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - QD59: Explains why text drawn using TextMode(grayishTextOr) is never drawn; provides a workaround.
Graphics & Imaging Technical Q&As 1998-12-07
HIGeometry Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API that defines basic geometric objects for HIToolbox.
Graphics & Imaging Reference 2007-06-11