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Leopard Reference Library
Darwin is the UNIX technology-based foundation of Mac OS X. Darwin integrates several technologies. Among the most important are 4.4BSD-based operating-system services (built on the Mach 3.0 microkernel), the I/O Kit, networking facilities, and support for multiple integrated file systems. Developers can use Darwin to port UNIX/Linux applications and create kernel extensions.

A guided introduction and learning path for developers new to Darwin.   Essential information for developers working in the Darwin environment.   C and Objective-C API references organized by framework.
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Building Universal Binaries from "configure"-based Open Source Projects (HTML)
TN2137: Describes some methods for building some existing "configure"-based Open Source packages as universal binaries.
Porting Technical Notes 2006-10-05
Developing Cross-Platform UNIX Applications with Mac OS X (HTML)
Learn tips for developing code on Mac OS X for deployment on other UNIX platforms.
Porting Articles 2004-08-30
Getting List of All Processes on Mac OS X (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1123: Describes how, using Carbon and BSD respectively, to list all applications and processes.
Porting Technical Q&As 2002-03-05
Is dlopen available on all versions of Mac OS X? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1180: Describes how to dynamically link to libraries and plug-ins, typically done with dlopen.
Porting Technical Q&As 2008-08-19
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Porting Sample Code 2003-10-27
Moriarity (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Implementing a Cocoa GUI that wraps command-line functionality, calling a UNIX task and presenting the results in a GUI.
Porting Sample Code 2003-01-14
Packaging UNIX Software (HTML)
Explains how to post UNIX and other command-line tools to Apple's Macintosh Product Guide.
Porting Guides 2001-04-20
Pascal to C: PROCEDURE Parameters (HTML)
Deprecated - PT31: Nested procedures and PROCEDURE parameters in Pascal when converting them into C or C++.
Porting Technical Notes 1990-02-01
Perl, Python, and Ruby Extensions Release Notes (HTML)
Describes how to create universal binary extensions for Perl, Python, and Ruby.
Porting Release Notes 2007-10-31
PIDFromBSDProcessName (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Provides a simple API to do process PID lookup based on BSD process name.
Porting Sample Code 2003-02-13
Porting Command Line Unix Tools to Mac OS X (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN2071: A general guide for Unix developers porting software to Mac OS X.
Porting Technical Notes 2003-09-03
Porting Drivers to Mac OS X (HTML) (PDF)
Tips and code samples to help UNIX/Linux device driver developers bring their drivers to Mac OS X.
Porting Guides 2009-05-06
Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to Mac OS X (HTML) (PDF)
Conceptual information and tips about porting UNIX and Linux applications to Mac OS X.
Porting Guides 2008-04-08
Setting environment variables for user processes (HTML)
QA1067: Tells how to set environment variables for user processes.
Porting Technical Q&As 2001-10-25
Static linking of user binaries on Mac OS X (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1118: Explains why static linking of user binaries is not supported on Mac OS X, and possible workarounds.
Porting Technical Q&As 2002-02-07
Symbol Variants Release Notes (HTML)
Describes symbol variants, a way of providing multiple versions of symbols for backwards compatibility.
Porting Release Notes 2007-10-16
Tiger Developer Overview Series: Developing 64-bit Applications (HTML)
Learn how Mac OS X Tiger breaks the limitations of 32-bit computing.
Porting Articles 2004-12-20
Bonjour Printer Subtype for HTTP (HTML)
QA1555: Describes how printer vendors can register their bonjour service such that Safari can see them.
Printing Technical Q&As 2008-03-25
Affinity API Release Notes for Mac OS X v10.5 (HTML)
Explains how to influence which CPU core runs a group of threads (for performance optimization).
Process Management Release Notes 2007-10-31
BootstrapDump (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Print Mach bootstrap namespace information.
Process Management Sample Code 2008-06-18
CFLocalServer (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Uses UNIX domain sockets to communicate between client and server programs on the same machine.
Process Management Sample Code 2005-07-26
Customizing Process Stack Size (HTML)
QA1419: Describes methods for setting the stack size of a process and/or thread.
Process Management Technical Q&As 2008-02-20
Daemons and Agents (HTML)
TN2083: Describes the most common problems encountered with daemons and agents, and suggests detailed solutions.
Process Management Technical Notes 2007-11-05
Determining console user login status (HTML)
QA1133: How to determine whether a user is logged in on the console, and be notified of changes.
Process Management Technical Q&As 2008-04-14
Getting Started with launchd (HTML)
Learn about launchd and see how to migrate your configuration files.
Process Management Articles 2005-08-22
Mach Absolute Time Units (HTML)
QA1398: Describes how to convert Mach absolute time units to real time, and vice versa.
Process Management Technical Q&As 2005-01-06
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Process Management Sample Code 2003-10-27
Observing Process Lifetimes Without Polling (HTML)
TN2050: Shows a variety of methods to observe process lifetimes without polling.
Process Management Technical Notes 2008-09-10
PIDFromBSDProcessName (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Provides a simple API to do process PID lookup based on BSD process name.
Process Management Sample Code 2003-02-13
Running At Login (HTML)
TN2228: Describes how to write code that's coordinated with the login process.
Process Management Technical Notes 2008-09-16
SampleD (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates use of launchd and Apple System Logger.
Process Management Sample Code 2005-10-27
UTXplorer (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Uses the <utmpx.h> API to display current login sessions and login history.
Process Management Sample Code 2008-03-19
Customizing Process Stack Size (HTML)
QA1419: Describes methods for setting the stack size of a process and/or thread.
Resource Management Technical Q&As 2008-02-20
I/O Kit Fundamentals (HTML) (PDF)
The basics of developing device drivers. Includes descriptions of I/O Kit families.
Resource Management Guides 2007-05-17
Mach Absolute Time Units (HTML)
QA1398: Describes how to convert Mach absolute time units to real time, and vice versa.
Resource Management Technical Q&As 2005-01-06
MachPortDump (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Dumps out the Mach port name space of a process; useful when debugging port right leaks.
Resource Management Sample Code 2005-08-10
MapLargeFile (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows a technique for mapping files greater than 4GB into memory for faster access.
Resource Management Sample Code 2003-11-19
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Resource Management Sample Code 2003-10-27
Preventing sleep (HTML)
QA1160: Explains how your application can prevent the system from sleeping.
Resource Management Technical Q&As 2004-10-22
Registering and unregistering for sleep and wake notifications (HTML)
QA1340: Explains how applications can register and unregister for sleep and wake notifications on Mac OS X.
Resource Management Technical Q&As 2008-08-08
CheckExecutableArchitecture (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Determine whether a particular Mach-O executable contains a version suitable for executing on a given processor architecture.
Runtime Architecture Sample Code 2006-02-07
Dynamic Library Programming Topics (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to design, implement, and use dynamic libraries.
Runtime Architecture Guides 2009-02-26
Is dlopen available on all versions of Mac OS X? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1180: Describes how to dynamically link to libraries and plug-ins, typically done with dlopen.
Runtime Architecture Technical Q&As 2008-08-19
Mac OS X ABI Dynamic Loader Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the functions used to access Mach-O files.
Runtime Architecture Reference 2005-11-09
Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the data structures that make up the Mach-O file format.
Runtime Architecture Reference 2009-02-04
Mac OS X Notification Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Runtime Architecture Guides 2007-05-15
MemoryBasedBundle (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to execute Mach-O code from memory, much like GetMemFragment in CFM.
Runtime Architecture Sample Code 2005-08-10
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Runtime Architecture Sample Code 2003-10-27
Static linking of user binaries on Mac OS X (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1118: Explains why static linking of user binaries is not supported on Mac OS X, and possible workarounds.
Runtime Architecture Technical Q&As 2002-02-07
System Startup Programming Topics (HTML) (PDF)
Explains the boot process used to initialize the Mac OS X operating system.
Runtime Architecture Guides 2008-11-19
Authorization Services Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to add fine-grained control of privileged operations in an application.
Security Guides 2009-01-06
Code Signing Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how you can sign your code and why you should.
Security Guides 2008-11-19
Code Signing Release Notes (HTML)
Security Release Notes 2007-10-31
CryptNoMore (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Shows how to authenticate a user using Open Directory (Directory Services).
Security Sample Code 2008-03-17
CryptoSample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Contains sample code showing symmetric encryption and message digest calculation.
Security Sample Code 2003-02-06
GetMACAddressSample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates how to retrieve the MAC address for each Ethernet interface from the Mac OS X I/O Registry.
Security Sample Code 2003-01-14
GetPrimaryMACAddress (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates retrieving the MAC address of the built-in Ethernet controller. Useful for uniquely identifying a Macintosh system.
Security Sample Code 2005-10-27
KauthORama (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Prints each Kauth request, illustrating how Kauth interacts with high-level operations, like copying files.
Security Sample Code 2007-04-30
Kerberos: Highly Secure Single Sign On Authentication in Mac OS X (HTML)
Learn how you can take advantage of Kerberos in your application.
Security Articles 2007-02-05
Kernel Authorization (HTML)
TN2127: Describes the kernel authorization (kauth) subsystem and its associated KPI.
Security Technical Notes 2007-01-16
Mac OS X and root access (HTML)
QA1013: Describes how to enable root access in Mac OS X.
Security Technical Q&As 2008-09-16
Mac OS X Code Signing In Depth (HTML)
TN2206: Intermediate to expert level overview of code signing that details specific options and gotchas
Security Technical Notes 2008-08-06
MoreIsBetter (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Library providing indispensable wrapers and workarounds for many areas of Mac OS programming.
Security Sample Code 2003-10-27
QISA (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Demonstrates the basics of writing an Internet setup assistant for traditional Mac OS and Mac OS X.
Security Sample Code 2003-05-15
Secure Coding Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Describes techniques to use and factors to consider to make your code more secure from attack.
Security Guides 2008-05-23
Security Framework Error Codes (HTML)
QA1499: Explains how to interpret errors returned by the Security Framework with an overview of Security error handling.
Security Technical Q&As 2006-11-16
Security Overview (HTML) (PDF)
An introduction to computer security concepts and the security APIs in Mac OS X and iPhone OS.
Security Guides 2008-10-15
SSLSample (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Contains examples showing how to use SecureTransport.
Security Sample Code 2003-01-14
Suppressing the "unexpectedly quit" alert (HTML)
QA1288: Describes how to suppress the "unexpectedly quit" alert.
Security Technical Q&As 2008-03-11
Uniquely Identifying a Macintosh Computer (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
TN1103: How to identify a specific Macintosh computer.
Security Technical Notes 2006-04-25
Building Universal Binaries from "configure"-based Open Source Projects (HTML)
TN2137: Describes some methods for building some existing "configure"-based Open Source packages as universal binaries.
Tools Technical Notes 2006-10-05
Cross-Development Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to build software for versions of Mac OS X other than the one the development tools are running on.
Tools Guides 2006-11-07
Developing Cross-Platform UNIX Applications with Mac OS X (HTML)
Learn tips for developing code on Mac OS X for deployment on other UNIX platforms.
Tools Articles 2004-08-30
GNU C 4.0 Preprocessor User Guide (HTML)
Describes the Apple version of the GNU C 4.0 Preprocessor.
Tools Reference 2007-10-31
GNU C 4.2 Preprocessor User Guide (HTML)
Describes the Apple version of the GNU C 4.2 Preprocessor.
Tools Reference 2008-01-23
GNU C/C++/Objective-C 3.3 Compiler (HTML)
Explains how to use the GNU compilers from the command line.
Tools Reference
GNU C/C++/Objective-C 4.0.1 Compiler User Guide (HTML)
Describes the Apple version of the GNU 4.0.1 compiler.
Tools Reference 2007-10-31
GNU C/C++/Objective-C 4.2.1 Compiler User Guide (HTML)
Describes the Apple version of the GNU 4.2.1 compiler.
Tools Reference 2008-01-23
HeaderDoc User Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to extract API reference documentation from commented header files.
Tools Guides 2008-04-08
IOKit Framework Headers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1107: Describes the differences between the headers in IOKit.framework and the I/O Kit headers in Kernel.framework.
Tools Technical Q&As 2002-01-15
Is dlopen available on all versions of Mac OS X? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1180: Describes how to dynamically link to libraries and plug-ins, typically done with dlopen.
Tools Technical Q&As 2008-08-19
Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the data structures that make up the Mach-O file format.
Tools Reference 2009-02-04
Mac OS X Man Pages (HTML)
HTML versions of the Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server, Xcode Tools, and CHUD man pages.
Tools Reference 2008-04-29
Netwide Assembler Guide (HTML)
Describes the Netwide Assembler for Intel-based Macs.
Tools Reference 2008-06-19
Packaging UNIX Software (HTML)
Explains how to post UNIX and other command-line tools to Apple's Macintosh Product Guide.
Tools Guides 2001-04-20
Perl, Python, and Ruby Extensions Release Notes (HTML)
Describes how to create universal binary extensions for Perl, Python, and Ruby.
Tools Release Notes 2007-10-31
PIDFromBSDProcessName (HTML) (DMG) (ZIP)
Provides a simple API to do process PID lookup based on BSD process name.
Tools Sample Code 2003-02-13
Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to Mac OS X (HTML) (PDF)
Conceptual information and tips about porting UNIX and Linux applications to Mac OS X.
Tools Guides 2008-04-08
Setting environment variables for user processes (HTML)
QA1067: Tells how to set environment variables for user processes.
Tools Technical Q&As 2001-10-25
Signals and Threads (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1184: Describes how threads and signals interact.
Tools Technical Q&As 2002-08-27
Symbol Variants Release Notes (HTML)
Describes symbol variants, a way of providing multiple versions of symbols for backwards compatibility.
Tools Release Notes 2007-10-16
X11 FAQ (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1232: Frequently Asked Questions about using Apple's X Window System (X11) implementation.
Tools Technical Q&As 2003-11-17